Operando Methods for Mechanistic Studies of Energy Systems

This presentation will deal with the use of <i>operando</i> methods for mechanistic studies energy systems with emphasis on fuel cells and battery materials and technologies. The presentation will begin with a brief overview of the methods employed with emphasis on the use of X-ray based methods, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) under active potential control, confocal Raman spectroscopy and microscopy and DEMS (differential electrochemical mass spectrometry) coupled with SEIRAS (surface enhanced infra-red absorption spectroscopy). The utility of these methods will be illustrated by case studies focusing on non-precious metal electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media, Li/S batteries the reduction of carbon dioxide and the oxidation of ethanol. The presentation will conclude with an assessment of future directions.