Von Hippel Award

Von Hippel Award Recipients

• Jerry D. Tersoff, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center (2019)

  “for advancing the understanding of low-dimensional and nanoscale electronic materials, surfaces and interfaces, through elegant theoretical models that highlight the essential physics controlling growth, structure and electronic properties"

  Jerry D. Tersoff is a principal research staff member at the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center. His recent research includes semiconductor nanowire growth; nanoscale effects in heteroepitaxy, including stress-driven self-assembly and self-organization; and the physics of carbon nanotube devices. Tersoff's early work includes theories of scanning tunneling microscopy, Schottky barriers and heterojunction band lineups. He also developed model interatomic potentials that are widely used in materials simulations. His work has been recognized by the Davisson-Germer Prize of the American Physical Society (APS), the Medard W. Welch Award of the American Vacuum Society (AVS) and the Materials Research Society (MRS) Medal. Tersoff is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a Fellow of the APS, AVS and MRS. He served on the Board of Directors of the Materials Research Society from 2003 to 2005. He received his BA degree in physics from Swarthmore College and his PhD degree in physics from the University of California, Berkeley.

  
  
• Hideo Hosono, Tokyo Institute of Technology (2018)

  “for the discovery of high Tc iron-based superconductors, creation of transparent oxide semiconductors and inorganic electrides"

  Hideo Hosono earned a PhD degree in applied chemistry from Tokyo Metropolitan University in 1982. He became a professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech) in 1999, after working as an associate professor at Nagoya Institute of Technology, National Institute for Molecular Science, and Tokyo Tech. He was the Founding Director of the Materials Research Center for Element Strategy in 2012. Hosono is a Foreign Fellow of The Royal Society, London, and a member of university councilors.

  Hosono created IGZO semiconductors and their TFTs, which are now applied as the backplane of large-sized OLED-TVs. In 2008, his group discovered a high-Tc iron-pnictide superconductor, which has now grown to a continent of high-Tc superconductors comparable to cuprates. He is a pioneer of stable electride and 2D electrides and their applications represented by catalysts for ammonia synthesis.

  Hosono has received numerous awards and honors, including the Medal of Honor (Purple Ribbon), Bernd T. Matthias Prize, Jan Rajchman Prize, Thomson Reuters Citation Laureate, James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials, Imperial Prize, Japan Academy Prize and the Japan Prize.

  
  

  
  
• Sir Richard H. Friend, University of Cambridge (2015)
  Sir Richard H. Friend is the Cavendish Professor of Physics at the University of Cambridge. He has developed the semiconductor physics of pi-conjugated organic polymers, and his research group has demonstrated that these materials can be used in a wide range of semiconductor devices. He has co-founded a number of Cambridge start-up companies to exploit these developments. Friend is the recipient of a number of awards, including the Hewlett-Packard Prize of the European Physical Society, the Rumford Medal of The Royal Society (London), the Italgas Prize, the Faraday Medal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, the Gold Medal of the European Materials Research Society, the Descartes Prize of the European Commission, the IEEE Daniel E. Noble Award, Laureate, Millennium Prize of the Technology Academy of Finland, the King Faisal International Prize for Science and the Harvey Prize of the Technion–Israel Institute of Technology. He is a Fellow of The Royal Society (London) and the Royal Academy of Engineering (London) and a foreign member, US National Academy of Engineering and the Indian Academy of Sciences. In 2003, Friend was knighted for "Services to Physics" during the Queen's Birthday Honors. 
  
  
  
• C.N.R. Rao, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (2017)

  “for his immense interdisciplinary contributions to the development of novel functional materials, including magnetic and electronic properties of transition metal oxides, nanomaterials such as fullerenes, graphene and 2-D inorganic solids, superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistance in rare-earth cuprates and manganates"

  C.N.R. Rao (born 1934) is the Linus Pauling Research Professor at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research. He is a member of The Royal Society, the National Academy of Sciences and several other science academies. Rao has received the Hughes and Royal Medals from The Royal Society, the Dan David Prize for Materials Research in 2005, and the August von Hoffmann Medal from the German Chemical Society.  He was awarded the highest civilian honor (Bharat Ratna) by the President of India in 2013.

  
  
• Marvin L. Cohen, University of California, Berkeley (2014)

  Marvin L. Cohen is university professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and senior faculty scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

  Cohen’s current and past research covers a broad spectrum of subjects in theoretical condensed-matter physics. He is a recipient of the National Medal of Science, the APS Oliver E. Buckley Prize for Solid State Physics, the APS Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize, the Foresight Institute Richard P. Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology, the Technology Pioneer Award from the World Economic Forum, the Berkeley Citation, the Dickson Prize in Science along with other honors and Doctor Honoris Causa degrees from the University of Montreal, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and the Weizmann Institute of Science. Cohen has contributed more than 800 technical publications and is one of the world’s most cited physicists. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2005, Cohen was President of the American Physical Society (APS), an organization representing more than 47,000 physicists in universities, industry and national laboratories.

  
  
• Charles M. Lieber, Harvard University (2016)

  “For pioneering contributions to nanoscience, defining the foundations of rational synthesis of nanoscale wires, characterization of their fundamental physical properties, and the development of applications of these materials in chemistry, biology and medicine.”

  Charles M. Lieber received his undergraduate and graduate degrees from Franklin and Marshall College and Stanford University, respectively, and carried out postdoctoral research at the California Institute of Technology. He was an assistant professor at Columbia University, and now holds appointments at Harvard University in the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and the Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. He is the Mark Hyman Professor of Chemistry, and the Chair of the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology. Lieber has pioneered the synthesis of nanowire materials, the characterization of the fundamental properties of these materials, methods of hierarchical assembly of nanowires, and applications of these materials in nanoelectronics, nanophotonics and bioelectronics. Current work is focused at the electronics-biology interface with an emphasis on creation of new tools for neuroscience and cell biology, as well as paradigm-shifting three-dimensional mesh electronics for seamless integrations with the brain and nervous system.
  
  
• Mildred Dresselhaus, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2013)

  Mildred S. Dresselhaus is an institute professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Recent research activities in the Dresselhaus group that have attracted wide attention are in the areas of carbon nanotubes, bismuth nanowires and low-dimensional thermoelectricity. Her research in materials physics and her public service have been widely recognized.

  Dresselhaus has received numerous awards, including the National Medal of Science, the Fermi Award, the Kavli Award and 30 honorary doctorates worldwide. She is particularly well known for her work on carbon nanotubes and other nanostructured systems

  
  
• Stuart S.P. Parkin, IBM Almaden Research Center (2012)
  Dr. Stuart Parkin is an IBM fellow (IBM's highest technical honor), manager of the Magnetoelectronics Group at the IBM Almaden Research Center, and a consulting professor in the Department of Applied Physics at Stanford University. He is also director of the IBM–Stanford Spintronic Science and Applications Center. Dr. Parkin's research interests include oxide thin-film heterostructures, high-temperature superconductors and magnetic thin-film structures and spintronic materials and devices for advanced sensor, memory and logic applications. His discoveries in magneto-resistive thin-film structures enabled a 1000-fold increase in the storage capacity of magnetic disk drives. Most recently, Parkin is working on a novel storage class memory device, "Racetrack Memory." He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a fellow of the Royal Society (London), an honorary fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences and an associate fellow of TWAS, the academy of sciences for the developing world. Parkin is the recipient of numerous awards and honors including the American Physical Society International Prize for New Materials (1994), the Europhysics Prize for Outstanding Achievement in Solid State Physics (1997) and the 1999–2000 American Institute of Physics (AIP) Prize for Industrial Application of Physics. Parkin has received honorary doctorates from the RWTH Aachen, the Eindhoven University of Science and Technology, the Universities of Regensburg and Kaiserslautern. Most recently Parkin received the 2008 IEEE Daniel E. Noble Award for his work on MRAM, the 2009 IUPAP Magnetism Prize and Neel Medal for outstanding contributions to the science of magnetism and the APS 2012 David Adler Lectureship Award. Parkin has authored ~400 papers and has ~93 issued patents. 
  
  
  
  
• A. Paul Alivisatos, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley (2011)
  Dr. Paul Alivisatos serves as the seventh director of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, succeeding Steven Chu who was sworn in as the U.S. Secretary of Energy in 2009.
  
  Alivisatos received a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1981 from the University of Chicago. He received a PhD in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1986. He did his postdoctoral work at AT&T Bell Labs, where he first delved into nanotechnology.
  
  Alivisatos has led a distinguished career in nanoscience research, making ground-breaking contributions to the fundamental physical chemistry of nanocrystals, including the synthesis of size- and shape-controlled nanoscystals, and studies of the optical, electrical, structural, and thermodynamic properties. He has demonstrated key applications of nanocrystals in biological imaging and renewable energy. Alivisatos, a professor in UC Berkeley’s Departments of Materials Science and Chemistry, is currently the Larry and Diane Bock Professor of Nanotechnology.
  
  He joined the faculty of the UC Berkeley and at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory as a principle investigator in 1988. He has been deeply engaged in major scientific initiatives at Berkeley Lab. He was the founding director of the Molecular Foundry (2001-2005), Berkeley Lab’s nanoscience research center. He served as the Director of the Materials Science Division (2002-2008), and as Associate Lab Director for Physical Sciences at Berkeley Lab (2005-2007). In those positions, he helped to conceive and establish Berkeley Lab’s Helios research initiative, an ambitious plan to lay the foundations for better solar energy utilization.
  
  Alivisatos is a scientific founder of Quantum Dot Corp., Nanosys inc., and Solexant, Inc. He is the founding editor of Nano Letters, a publication of the American Chemical Society. He is the recipient of numerous awards and honors, including the Linus Pauling Medal, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award, the Eni Italgas Prize for Energy and Environment, the Rank Prize for Optoelectronics, the Wilson Prize, the Coblentz Award for Advances in Molecular Spectroscopy, and the American Chemical Society Award for Colloid and Surface Science. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Physical Society, the American Chemical Society, and the Materials Research Society. Alivisatos is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
  
  
• L. Eric Cross, The Pennsylvania State University (2010)

  Dr. L. Eric Cross is an internationally recognized authority in the field of ferroelectricity and dielectric materials. He received his B.Sc. (1948) and his Ph.D. (1952) in physics from Leeds University. He came to the Pennsylvania State University in 1961 and became a founder of the Materials Research Laboratory. In 1985, he was named the Evan Pugh Professor of Electrical Engineering.
  
  Cross has received various awards, including the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Lifetime Achievement Award (2005); Penn State Engineering Society Premier Research Award (1994); MRS Medal (1992); and the Penn State Center for Dielectric Studies W.R. Buessem Award (1991). He is a Fellow of Materials Research Society, American Ceramic Society, American Optical Society, and American Physical Society, and a Distinguished Life Fellow of the IEEE. In 1983, he was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Engineering.
  
  His interests lie in fundamental studies of ferroelectric oxide systems to understand the complex interplay between dielectric and elastic properties through the very strong electrostrictive coupling; modification of properties of oxygen octahedral structure ferroelectrics of complex compositions through cation ordering and aliovalent cation substitution, leading to relaxor ferroelectric behavior; practical application of the additional softening of properties in relaxors to achieve solid solution with exciting morphotropic phase boundaries and fantastic piezoelectric sensor/actuator capability; extended studies of flexoelectric behavior identifying soft mode compositions with orders of magnitude improved properties, leading to the possibility to exploit texture symmetry to achieve new lead-free, high-activity piezoelectric composites; and exploration of new techniques to fabricate fine-scale texture symmetries that can be assembled to provide bulk composite materials in which direct and converse piezoelectric effects can be independently controlled.

  
  
• Tobin J. Marks, Northwestern University (2009)
  Tobin Marks received his B.S. from the University of Maryland in 1966 and his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1971. A professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Northwestern University, he is also the Charles E. & Emma H. Morrison Professor of Chemistry and the Vladimir N. Ipatieff Professor of Catalytic Chemistry.
  
  Marks’ research interests include: transition metal and f-element organometallic chemistry; catalysis; vibrational spectroscopy; nuclear magnetic resonance; synthetic facsimiles of metalloprotein active sites; carcinostatic metal complexes; solid state chemistry and low-dimensional molecular metals; nonlinear optical materials; polymer chemistry; tetrahydroborate coordination chemistry; macrocycle coordination chemistry; laser-induced chemistry and isotope separation; molecular electro-optics; metal-organic chemical vapor deposition; polymerization catalysis; printed flexible electronics; solar energy; and transparent conductors.
  
  He has been honored by numerous universities, societies and foundations for his achievements, and in 2009 was named an MRS Fellow. He has nearly 100 patents.
  
  
• Herbert Gleiter, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (2008)

  Herbert Gleiter obtained his Ph.D. in 1966 in physics from the Max Planck Institute of Materials Science and the University of Stuttgart. After working several years as a research fellow at Harvard University and MIT, he joined the University of Bochum in 1972 as an associate professor. One year later, he accepted a position as director of the Institute of Materials Physics and a chair professorship at the University of Saarbruecken. In 1980 and 1982, he received similar positions at ETH (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) Zuerich and the University of Hamburg-Harburg. He became the founder and the first director o the Institute of New Materials (associated with the University of Saarbruecken) at Saarbruecken, Germany in 1987. Three years later, the government of Germany appointed him as a member of the executive board of the Research Center Karlsruhe, Germany’s largest national laboratory, where he was in charge of basic research and applied science within the entire center. In 1998, Gleiter, along with J.M. Lehn (University of Strasbourg) and D. Fenske (University of Karlsruhe) initiated the Institute of Nanotechnology of the Research Center Karlsruhe. In view of the interdisciplinary character of nanotechnology, this institute was given a new structure fostering the cooperation between research groups from physics, chemistry and materials science in experiment as well as in theory.

  His work at Harvard and MIT pioneered the application of molecular dynamics and electron microscopy to study the atomic structure of inter-crystalline interfaces. These studies resulted in the following two discoveries: the existence of dislocations in intercrystalline interfaces and in the structural unit model of grain boundaries. This model is today’s accepted model of the structure of grain boundaries. In the late 1970s, his research group opened the way to a new class of materials in which the volume fraction of the cores of interfaces is comparable to the volume fraction of the crystallites forming these interfaces. Materials of this kind were produced by consolidating nanometer-sized crystallites and were thus called nanocrystalline or nanostructured materials. In the subsequent years, this field expanded at a remarkable rate: today more than 800 papers are published and several international conferences are organized annually. In recent years, his work focused on a novel class of noncrystalline materials, called nanoglasses. Nanoglasses are noncrystalline materials that are structured on a nanometer scale by introducing high density of glass/glass interfaces into a glass (typically on a nanometer scale). These interfaces result in the following novel and attractive features: contrary to all materials available today, the atomic structure and density (and hence, all structure and density-dependent properties) of nanoglasses can be tuned by varying the spacing between the glass/glass interfaces as well as the time-temperature history of nanoglasses.

  Throughout his career, Gleiter has received numerous awards, including the Leibniz Prize, the Max Planck Research Prize, the Gold Medals of Acta Materialia, the Federation of European Materials Societies, the Heyn Medal, the Heisenberg and the Humboldt Medals and the R.F. Mehl Award. He has received honorary doctorates from three German/Suisse universities, and honorary professorships from several Chinese universities. He has been elected a Fellow of both the Japanese Society for Promotion of Science and the Materials Research Society of India. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences of Germany, the US National Academy of Engineering, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Indian National Academy of Engineering.

  
  
• William Nix, Stanford University (2007)
  William D. Nix obtained his B.S. in metallurgical engineering from San Jose State College and his M.S. and Ph.D. in metallurgical engineering and materials science, respectively, from Stanford University. He joined the Stanford University faculty in 1963. From 1968 to 1970, Nix was director of Stanford's Center for Materials Research. He was appointed professor in 1972. Named the Lee Otterson Professor of Engineering at Stanford University in 1989, Nix served as chairman of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering from 1991 to 1996, becoming professor emeritus in 2003. He was awarded honorary Doctor of Engineering degrees by the Colorado School of Mines (2001) and by the University of Illinois (2007).
  
  Nix teaches courses on dislocation theory and mechanical properties of materials and is engaged in research on the mechanical properties of solids. He is principally concerned with the relation between structure and mechanical properties of materials in both thin film and bulk form, and has trained 75 Ph.D. students in these subjects during his years at Stanford.
  
  Throughout his career, Nix has received many awards: the Western Electric Fund Award for Excellence in Engineering Instruction (1964); the Bradley Stoughton Teaching Award of ASM (1970); the 1979 Champion Herbert Mathewson Award (1979); the Institute of Metals Lecturer (1988); the Robert Franklin Mehl Award of the (TMS) Metallurgical Society (1988); the Educator Award from TMS (1995); a Distinguished Alumnus Award from San Jose State University (1980); the Acta Metallurgica Gold Medal (1993); and the Nadai Medal (2001) from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
  
  He has been the recipient of numerous honors from the American Society of Metals. Nix received the ASM Gold Medal (1998) and was selected by ASM International to give the Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture (1989). He delivered the Alpha Sigma Mu Lecture to ASM (2000). He has received the following ASM awards: the Albert Easton White Distinguished Teacher Award (2002) and the Albert Sauveur Achievement Award (2003).
  
  Nix has been elected a Fellow of the American Society for Metals (1978); a Fellow of the Metallurgical Society of AIME (1988); to the National Academy of Engineering (1987); a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2002); and to the National Academy of Sciences (2003).
  
  In 1966, he participated in the Ford Foundation's Residence in Engineering Practice program as assistant to the director of technology at the Stellite Division of Union Carbide Corporation. He is co-author of over 425 publications and of The Principles of Engineering Materials, published in 1973 by Prentice-Hall, Incorporated.
  
  
• Knut Wolf Urban, Forschungszentrum Juelich (2006)
  Born in Stuttgart in 1941, Knut Urban studied physics and received his Ph.D. in 1972 from the Technical University of Stuttgart. He then joined the Max-Planck-Institute for Metals Research in Stuttgart, becoming head of the High-Voltage Electron Microscopy Group in 1975. From 1980 to 1981, and in 1982, he was guest scientist at the Metallurgy Section of Saclay Nuclear Research Center in Paris, France, and at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Mumbai (Bombay), India. In 1986, he became a professor of material sciences at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. Since 1987, he has held a chair in experimental physics at RWTH Aachen Technical University, and is director of the Department of Microstructure Research at the Institute of Solid State Research at Research Centre Juelich. He spent 1997 as a JSPS fellow at Japan’s Tohoku University. In 2003, he founded, and became one of the two directors of, Germany’s nnational user facility for atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy, Jülich-Aachen Ernst Ruska Center for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons. He has been the scientific coordinator of the EC Network of Excellence “Complex Metallic Alloys” since 2005.
  
  Urban's research interests are broad: physical properties of complex metallic alloys and quasicrystals; defects in perovskitic oxides; and Josephson effects in high-temperature superconductors and their application to SQUID-systems and Hilbert transform spectroscopy. In 1991, together with colleagues from EMBL Heidelberg and Darmstadt Technical University, Urban started the VW-Foundation funded project, which led to the first spherical-aberration corrected transmission electron microscope in 1997. Since that time, he has pioneered the application of this technique, developing a number of novel approaches to ultra-high resolution in the sub-Ångström range.
  
  Urban, who has received numerous national and international awards, is a past chairman of the Physics Section of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians. From 2004 to 2006, he was president of the German Physical Society.
  
  
• Robert S. Langer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2005)
  Robert S. Langer is one of 14 institute professors (the highest honor awarded to a faculty member) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Langer has written over 840 articles. He also has over 500 issued or pending patents worldwide, one of which was cited as the outstanding patent in Massachusetts in 1988 and one of 20 outstanding patents in the U.S. Langer’s patents have been licensed or sublicensed to over 100 pharmaceutical, chemical, biotechnology and medical device companies; a number of these companies were launched on the basis of these patent licenses. He served as a member of the United States Food and Drug Administration’s SCIENCE Board, the FDA’s highest advisory board, from 1995-2002 and as its chairman from 1999-2002.
  
  Langer has received over 130 major awards. In 2002, he received the Charles Stark Draper Prize, considered the equivalent of the Nobel Prize for engineers and the world’s most prestigious engineering prize, from the National Academy of Engineering. He is the also the only engineer to receive the Gairdner Foundation International Award; 64 recipients of this award have subsequently received a Nobel Prize. Among numerous other awards Langer has received are the Dickson Prize for Science (2002), Heinz Award for Technology, Economy and Employment (2003), the Harvey Prize (2003), the John Fritz Award (2003) (given previously to inventors such as Thomas Edison and Orville Wright), the General Motors Kettering Prize for Cancer Research (2004), the Dan David Prize in Materials Science (2005) and the Albany Medical Center Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research (2005), the largest prize in the U.S. for medical research. In 1998, he received the Lemelson-MIT prize, the world’s largest prize for invention for being “one of history’s most prolific inventors in medicine.” In 1989, Langer was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, and in 1992, he was elected to both the National Academy of Engineering and to the National Academy of Sciences. He is one of very few people ever elected to all three United States National Academies and the youngest in history (at age 43) to ever receive this distinction.
  
  Forbes (1999) and Bio World (1990) have named Langer as one of the 25 most important individuals in biotechnology in the world. Discover (2002) named him as one of the 20 most important people in this area. Forbes (2002) selected Langer as one of the 15 innovators world wide who will reinvent our future. Time and CNN (2001) named Langer as one of the 100 most important people in America and one of the 18 top people in science or medicine in America. Parade (2004) selected Langer as one of six “Heroes whose research may save your life.” He has served, at various times, on 15 boards of directors and 30 scientific advisory boards of such companies as Wyeth, Alkermes, Mitsubishi Pharmaceuticals, Warner-Lambert and Momenta Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Langer has received honorary doctorates from the ETH (Switzerland), the Technion (Israel), the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Israel), the Universite Catholique de Louvain (Belgium), the University of Liverpool (England), the University of Nottingham (England), Albany Medical College, the Pennsylvania State University and Uppsala University (Sweden). He received his bachelor’s degree from Cornell University in 1970 and his Sc.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1974, both in chemical engineering.
  
  
• Nick Holonyak, Jr., University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (2004)

  Nick Holonyak, Jr. received a B.S. (1950), M.S. (1951) and Ph.D. (1954) in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois. A Texas Instruments Fellow, he was John Bardeen's first student. As a technical staff member at Bell Telephone Laboratories (1954-55), he helped demonstrate feasibility of diffused-impurity silicon devices, including transistors, oxide-masked transistors, p-n-p-n switches and SCRs. He served with the U.S. Army Signal Corps (1955-57) at Ft. Monmouth, New Jersey, and at Isogo-ku, Yokohama, Japan. In 1957, he joined the Advanced Semiconductor Laboratory of the General Electric Company (Syracuse) and made contributions in the areas of power and signal p-n-p-n, tunnel diodes, phonon-assisted tunneling halide transport and first epitaxial growth of III-V compounds and compound mixtures, double injection and deep-impurity-level effects, junction luminescence and III-V alloy semiconductor lasers. His work from 1960 to 1962 on GaAsP, the initial construction in 1960 of a p-n junction in this crystal system, and a visible-spectrum laser in 1962 led to the commercial introduction of GaAsP LEDs. He is the inventor of the first practical light-emitting diode, which also marks the beginning in the use of III-V alloys in semiconductor devices.

  Since 1963, Holonyak has been a professor at the University of Illinois in the department of electrical and computer engineering and is a member of the University of Illinois Center for Advanced Study. He and his students have worked primarily on III-V semiconductors and were the first to make quaternary III-V semiconductor devices (LEDs and lasers). Since 1976, he has been concerned with quantum-well (QW) light emitters and lasers, and with impurity-induced layer disordering. In 1990, he and his students introduced (~ 400°C) stable native oxides on, and buried in, Al-bearing III-V compounds, and demonstrated their use in optoelectronic devices (LEDs and lasers). Holonyak and his students were the first (1977) to construct p-n diode quantum well lasers (InP-InGaAsP, LPE) and were the first to achieve (1978) continuous (cw) room temperature (300 K) laser operation of quantum well heterostructures and superlattices, and later (1982) strained layer quantum well heterostructures. They are the source of the name "quantum-well laser." Most recently (with Dupuis 2001) he introduced tunneling-coupled quantum-well-assisted quantum-dot lasers, and (with Feng 2004) the light-emitting three-port operation of heterojunction bipolar transistors, including QW-base HBTs.

  He is co-author of the book Semiconductor Controlled Rectifiers (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964) and Physical Properties of Semiconductors (Prentice-Hall, 1989), editor of the Prentice-Hall series Solid-State Physical Electronics, and has served on the editorial board of the Proceedings of the IEEE (1966-1974), Solid-State Electronics (1970-1991), and Journal of Applied Physics and Applied Physics Letters (1978-1980).

  Holonyak has received a number of awards, including the General Electric Cordiner Award (1962), the IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Award (1973), the John Scott Medal (1975, City of Phi ladelphia), the first GaAs Symposium Award with Welker Medal (1976), the IEEE Jack A. Morton Award (1981), the Electrochemical Society Solid-State Science and Technology Award (1983), the Sigma Xi Monie A. Ferst Award (1988), the IEEE Edison Medal (1989), the Charles Hard Townes Award of the Optical Society of America (1992), the National Academy of Sciences Award for the Industrial Application of Science (1993), American Electronics Association 50th Anniversary Award (1993, "Inventing America's Future"), American Society for Engineering Education Centennial Medallion (1993), Vladimir Karapetoff Eminent Members' Award of Eta Kappa Nu (1994), TMS John Bardeen Award (1995, The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society), 2000 IEEE Third Millennium Medal, Frederic Ives Medal of the Optical Society of America (2001), the IEEE Medal of Honor (2003), the Washington Award (Western Society Engineers, 2004), and the Lemelson-MIT Prize (2004). He is the recipient of the U.S. National Medal of Science (1990) and the 2002 U.S. National Medal of Technology. He received an honorary Doctor of Science degree from Northwestern University and was elected an honorary member of the Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute ( St. Petersburg, Russia). In 1994, he received an honorary Doctor of Engineering degree from Notre Dame University, in 1995, the Japan Prize, and in 2003, the Global Energy International Prize (Russia). In 1993, he was appointed to the University of Illinois John Bardeen Chair Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and of Physics, a chair sponsored by the Sony Corporation. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, National Academy of Sciences, foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and eminent member of Eta Kappa Nu. Holonyak is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, IEEE (life Fellow, 1994), American Physical Society, Optical Society of America and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2003). 

  
  
• Julia R. Weertman, Northwestern University (2003)
  Julia B. Weertman is the Walter P. Murphy Professor Emerita in the Department of Materials Science & Engineering at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. She earned her B.S., M.S. and D.Sc. in physics at the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now CMU). She served as a post-doctoral fellow at Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris (1951-1952). She was a solid state physicist at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory from 1952-1958 and moved to Northwestern University in 1972, advancing through the academic ranks to chaired professor. In 1999, Weertman became emerita, but is still heavily involved in research and professional activities. She also served as Materials Science & Engineering Department Chair from 1987-1992, and was a guest professor in 1986 at ETH-Zurich.
  
  Weertman's areas of research and teaching center on the mechanical behavior of metals and alloys and the underlying phenomena that give rise to the observed behavior. Her research currently is focused on determining the mechanical properties of a variety of nanocrystalline materials, their synthesis, characterizing their structure, and studying deformation mechanisms in this small-grain-size regime. She also continues interest in the high-temperature behavior of metals.
  
  Weertman is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She is also a member of the National Academies National Materials Advisory Board, has served on advisory panels for DOE and NSF, continues on advisory committees for several national laboratories and university groups, and is on the Board of Review Editors for Science. She is a Fellow of TMS and ASM International, and has received Special Creativity Awards for Research from NSF, a Guggenheim Fellowship, the Achievement Award from the Society of Women Engineers and the Leadership Award from TMS.
  
  
• Howard K. Birnbaum, University of Illinois (2002)

  Howard K. Birnbaum attended Columbia University (B.S., 1953, and M.S., 1955), then studied with Professor Tom Read at the University of Illinois (Ph.D. in metallurgy, 1958). He taught at the University of Chicago as an instructor and then as an assistant professor in the Institute for the Study of Metals. In 1961, he returned to the University of Illinois as an associate professor and was promoted to a full professor in 1963. His tenure at the University of Chicago Institute of Metals (the first interdisciplinary materials laboratory) and the University of Illinois' Materials Research Laboratory taught him the great promise of the interdisciplinary approach to research. After teaching in the field of materials science, he became the director of the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory in 1987 and served in that capacity until 1999. Birnbaum retired to an emeritus status in 1999.

  Birnbaum's career, spanning the period in which the several fields of science and engineering coalesced into the new field of materials science, was devoted to teaching, research, and the support of interdisciplinary materials science. He worked with about 40 Ph.D. graduate students and 20 research associates in a number of research areas including defects in solids, deformation and fracture, hydrogen diffusion and hydrogen behavior in materials and is the author of many publications in these fields.

  Recognition for his work includes membership in the National Academy of Engineering, fellowship status in the American Physical Society, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, American Society of Metals, National Academy of Arts and Sciences and American Association for the Advancement of Science.

  
  
• Simon C. Moss, University of Houston (2001)
  Simon C. Moss received his S.B. (1956) and S.M. (1959) degrees in metallurgy from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his Sc.D. (1962) in materials science and engineering from the same institution with a thesis in physics under B. E. Warren. As a member of the MIT Materials Science & Engineering faculty and the recipient of a Ford Foundation Fellowship, he co-developed a nascent program in solid-state physics.
  
  In 1968-1969, he spent a sabbatical leave as a Guggenheim Fellow at Melbourne University. From 1970-1972, he was actively involved in research on amorphous semiconductors at Energy Conversion Devices.
  
  In 1972, he took up a physics professorship at the University of Houston where he currently holds the M. D. Anderson Chair in Physics. During this time, he has enjoyed a close and fruitful collaboration with the scattering group of Prof. J.S. Peisl in Munich and with the Max-Planck-Institute under Prof. H. Dosch in Stuttgart. In addition, he has had a number of extended collaborations with scattering scientists at centers both within the U.S. and abroad.
  
  His recent interests have widely spanned the fields of disordered and defective solids, phase transitions and interfacial and surface phenomena, including intercalation compounds, that have been studied using x-ray and neutron scattering and modeled theoretically. He has also worked on theories of ordering and diffuse scattering as they apply to metallic alloys, oxides and alloy semiconductors.
  
  His co-authorship of an early series of papers with Philip C. Clapp combined their own developments on correlation functions in disordered systems with the earlier works of the great Russian theorist M.A. Krivoglaz for what is now known as the Krivoglaz-Clapp-Moss (KCM) Theory, a topic continually updated by prominent theorists.
  
  Moss has served in an advisory position on journals as Divisional Associate Editor (Physical Review Letters) and on panels for the Department of Energy, National Academy of Sciences and several national scattering centers. He was an early chairman of the Topical Group for Materials Physics of the APS and served as Secretary/Treasurer in the new Division of Materials Physics (DMP) from 1993-1996.
  
  Past honors include: the Guggenheim Fellowship (1968-1969); Fellow of the American Physical Society (1975); Alexander von Humboldt Senior Scientist Award (1979, 2000); Yamada Science Foundation Visiting Research Scholar (1985); DOE Award for Outstanding Scientific Accomplishment (with L. Tanner and S. M. Shapiro, 1988); Research Excellence Award, University of Houston (1990); David Adler Lectureship Award of the DMP of the APS (1993); Max Planck Society Research Award (with J. S. Peisl, 1994); Esther Farfel Award, University of Houston (1994).
  
  
  
• George M. Whitesides, Harvard University (2000)

  George M. Whitesides received an A.B. degree from Harvard University in 1960 and a Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology (with J.D. Roberts) in 1964. He was a faculty member at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1963-1982. He joined Harvard University's Department of Chemistry in 1982, serving as Department Chairman from 1986-1989. He is now the Mallinckrodt Professor of Chemistry at Harvard University.

  His present research interests include materials science, biophysics, surface science, polyvalency, microfluidics, optics, self-assembly, microfabrication, nanotechnology and cell surface biochemistry.

  Whitesides has served in an advisory capacity for the National Research Council, the National Science Foundation and the Department of Defense. He is a member of the editorial boards of a number of scientific journals and is a reviewing editor for Science.  

  Past honors include: Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship; American Chemical Society (ACS) Award in Pure Chemistry; Harrison Howe Award; California Institute of Technology Alumni Distinguished Service Award; Remsen Award; Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award; James Flack Norris Award; Arthur C. Cope Award; Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Award for Significant Technical Achievement; National Medal of Science; Sierra Nevada Distinguished Chemist Award, The Wallac Oy Innovation Award in High Throughput Screening; Award for Excellence in Surface Science.

  He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society, and is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and of the New York Academy of Science. In 2000, he was elected a foreign member of the Indian National Science Academy and chosen as an Honorary Fellow of the Chemical Research Society of India.

  
  
• Richard S. Stein, University of Massachusetts Amherst (1999)

  Richard S. Stein was born in Far Rockaway, New York, in 1925. His undergraduate studies were at Brooklyn Polytechnic, where he performed some of the first studies of the dimensions of polymer molecules in solution using light scattering. His graduate studies at Princeton with Tobolsky involved using birefringence and x-ray diffraction to follow the orientation and relaxation of polymers. This was followed by a postdoctoral year at Cambridge University in which the studies were extended through use of infrared dichroism.

  Stein joined the University of Massachusetts in 1950 as an assistant professor and initiated its polymer program. He started the university's Polymer Research Institute, which evolved into the Polymer Science and Engineering Department. Stein now serves as Emeritus Goessmann Professor of Chemistry. He has continued to develop and use rheo-optical techniques for the study of orientation and phase transition phenomena in amorphous, crystalline and liquid crystalline polymers. These have more recently been supplemented by neutron scattering and reflectivity techniques.

  Stein's efforts have been recognized by awards from the American Chemical Society, the American Physical Society, the Society of Rheology, the Society of Plastics Engineers and the Society of Polymer Science, Japan. He has been elected to membership in the National Academies of Sciences and of Engineering and was awarded honorary degrees by the Universitat Ulm, Polytechnic University (Brooklyn) and the University of Massachusetts.

  
  
• Larry L. Hench, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine (1998)

  After obtaining his B.S. and Ph.D. in ceramic engineering from the Ohio State University, Larry L. Hench joined the University of Florida (UF) as assistant professor in 1964 to initiate a ceramic engineering program. In 1972, he became a full professor, and in 1986, a graduate research professor, the university's highest academic rank. He also directed the Bioglass Research Center and co-directed the Advanced Materials Research Center at UF. In 1996, he accepted his current position as University of London Chair of Ceramic Materials at Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine. He also serves as Associate Director of the University of London Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Biomedical Materials and as Director of the Imperial College Centre for Tissue Regeneration and Repair.

  In 1969, Hench discovered Bioglass^®, the first manmade material to bond to living tissues. This unique compositional range of bioactive soda-calcia-phospho-silicate glasses is now used clinically throughout the world in many medical and dental applications. This discovery and the subsequent scientific analyses of glass-environment interfacial reaction mechanisms resulted in numerous professional awards and visiting professorships.

  In 1980, Hench launched studies on the sol-gel processing of silica, which has led to the development of a new generation of gel-glass optical products including net-shape, net-surface diffractive optics and porous optical matrices for environmental sensors and hybrid optics. From 1980-1988, his team conducted an extensive series of tests on the systems variables that affect the long-term reliability of high-level radioactive waste forms. These studies included the first experiments of simulated waste forms under real-field deep burial conditions in Sweden.

  Hench has served as president of the Society of Biomaterials, chairman of the Glass Division of the American Ceramic Society, chairman of the Gordon Research Conference on the Science and Technology of Biomaterials, and chairman and co-Chair of nine international conferences. He has also served on the editorial boards of nine journals. Hench is a fellow of the Academy of Ceramics, the American Ceramic Society, the Society of Glass Technology, The American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering and the Institute of Biomedical Materials.

  The research of Hench, his students and colleagues has resulted in more than 400 publications, 25 patents and 23 books. He is married to Dr. June Wilson Hench, his co-investigator in the field of bioactive materials.

  
  
• Gabor A. Somorjai, University of California, Berkeley (1997)

  Gabor A. Somorjai is cited for his extraordinary multidisciplinary contributions to the atomic-level understanding of materials surfaces and surface processes with technological importance in heterogeneous catalysis, corrosion and tribology.

  Somorjai earned his bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from Technical University in Budapest, Hungary, and his Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley. Following several years on the IBM research staff in Yorktown Heights, New York, he was appointed assistant professor of chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1964. He was named associate professor in 1967 and professor of chemistry in 1972.

  Professor Somorjai has been an active participant in technical conferences of the American Chemical Society, the American Physical Society and the Materials Research Society. He has given lectureships in England, Israel, Germany, Canada and the U.S. The recipient of numerous professional honors and awards, he has authored over 700 scientific papers and 4 books in the fields of surface chemistry, heterogeneous catalysis and solid-state chemistry.

  
  
• Sir Alan H. Cottrell, University of Cambridge (1996)
  Sir Alan is regarded as the most distinguished metallurgist in the United Kingdom in this century. His very numerous honorific awards and honorary degrees are evidence of his standing in the esteem of his professional peers, both inside and outside the metallurgical community. Recently, Sir Alan was bestowed the London Royal Society's highest award, the Copley Medal.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
• William W. Mullins, Carnegie Mellon University (1995)

  William Mullins’ work is based on an interdisciplinary approach and represents a blend of the principles and techniques of physics, applied mathematics and materials engineering. Most of his research has become the “bread and butter” of modern materials science and engineering. He has developed or strongly influenced work in grain boundary grooving, scratch decay, field emitter tip blunting, sintering, morphological instability, similarity in scaling laws for grain growth, influence of bias on the statistics of diffusion and random walk kinetics of granular materials.

  Mullins received his Ph.B., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in physics from the University of Chicago in 1949, 1951 and 1955, respectively. He joined in Westinghouse Research Laboratories as a research physicist in 1955, was an adjunct professor at Carnegie Mellon University during his years at Westinghouse and joined the Carnegie Institute of Technology—the predecessor of CMU—as an associate professor of metallurgical engineering in 1960. He was named university professor of applied science in 1985 and was awarded emeritus status in 1992.

  Mullins has received numerous awards and honors including election to the National Academy of Sciences in 1984.

  
  
• Alfred Y. Cho, AT&T Bell Laboratories (1994)

  Cho has made seminal contributions to materials science and physical electronics through his pioneering development of the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) crystal growth process. He took the emerging, somewhat esoteric process of MBE—a method for precisely controlling compositional profiles at the monolayer level—and turned it into a process of great scientific and technological significance. He demonstrated that control and showed that theses films could be basics of many disciplines ranging from fundamental surface science through epitaxial crystal growth, to device fabrication and testing.

  Cho is responsible for many “firsts.” In 1971, he fabricated the first MBE superlattice and several years later he created the first MBE microwave device—a GaGs voltage varactor. Among other devices he has developed using MBE are the IMPATT diode, field-effect transistors operating at microwave frequencies, low-noise mixer diodes used in radio astronomy, MBE double-heterostructure injection lasers operating continuously at room temperature, and heterostructure devices such as tunneling transistors based on band-gap engineering.

  Cho received his B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois in 1960, 1961 and 1968, respectively.

  
  
• Frederick Seitz, The Rockefeller University (1993)

  Seitz's­ contributions are broad and far reaching. He was an early leader in solid-state physics and materials science, and his knowledge of the important role of defects and his contributions to band theory are monumental. His profound scientific insight and his leadership in academia and governmental advisory councils and in public and cultural affairs have greatly impacted materials science and the broader arena of science and engineering.

  The 1940 publication of Seitz’s classic monograph, The Modern Theory of Solids, introduced modern solid-state physics and earned him the title of “father of solid-state physics.” His 1943 textbook, The Physics of Metals, set the scientific foundations for teaching physical metallurgy.

  Along with Eugene Wigner, Seitz is noted for a major part in laying the foundation of the electronic theory of solids. Their early description of band theory is known as the Wigner-Seitz model. Seitz realized that advances in quantum mechanics had made possible a basic attack on understanding the properties of real materials.

  He later realized that elucidating the nature of defects in solids was basic to understanding an entire host of properties: diffusion, color centers, photographic processes, plastic flow, fracture, radiation damage, etc. And, along with Sir Neville Mott, Seitz can also be called “the father of the science of defects in solids.”

  Seitz’s research interest in defects began formally with a co-written article with H.B. Huntington on the energy of formation of interstitials in copper (Physical Review, 1942). In 1952, he published a seminal review in Imperfections in Nearly Perfect Solids (edited by R. Smoluchowski) on the properties of crystal defects and their interconnections.

  His influence revealed the important effect crystal defects have on the most crucial metallurgical variables. Likewise, his early work on the F-center and other defects in ionic crystals, and his influence on the work of others, set the stage for subsequent work on defects in ceramics.

  Seitz realized very early that materials science was a collection of closely related disciplines which could only advance through mutual interaction and collaboration. With David Turnbull he established the review series in materials, Solid State Physics, which brought materials-related authors together.

  Among the many medals and awards he has received are the Franklin Medal (1965), the National Medal of Science (1973), and the National Science Board’s Vannevar Bush award (1983). He holds more than 25 honorary doctorate degrees from universities around the world.

  
  
• Michael F. Ashby, University of Cambridge (1992)
  In each of the areas of inelastic deformation, fracture and wear, Michael Ashby has unified the subject in a way which had not been achieved before and, therefore, has had a major impact on materials science and materials engineering. He has utilized the art of careful well-chosen model experiments, mathematical modeling based on sound physical concepts and sweeping synthesis of a variety of fields to revolutionize materials science. Ashby’s contributions have been interdisciplinary; they have effectively bridged basic and applied science, and they have had significant impact outside his immediate field.
  
  
  
  
  
• Theodore H. Geballe, Stanford University (1991)
  Theodore Geballe's primary research activities and interests are in low temperature physics, including superconductivity, and in experimental studies of superconductivity and magnetism in intermetallic compounds using heat capacity, transport and optical measurements. He is a recipient of the Oliver E. Buckley Solid State Physics Prize awarded by the American Physical Society, and was the Guggenheim Fellow (1975), Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, England. In 1978, Geballe was named the Theodore and Sydney Rosenberg Professor of Applied Physics at Stanford University.
  
  
  
  
• Robert W. Balluffi, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1990)

  Robert Balluffi has made definitive contributions to the experimental measurement of vacancy concentrations; probability or improbability of plastic strain enhanced diffusion properties of vacancies in quenched metals; radiation damage; and grain boundary structure. His definitive experiments have effectively clarified subtle questions which previously had remained unanswered.

  His primary research interests are structure and properties of crystal defects (point, line and planar) and the more complex phenomena in which they are involved, such as diffusion, radiation damage, phase transformations and plastic deformation. His most recent work is focused on the structure and properties of grain boundaries. He is the author of approximately 200 papers on these topics.

  Balluffi is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is also an Institute of Metals Lecturer and R.F. Mehl Gold Medalist, and has received the Humboldt Senior Scientist Stiftung, Japan Society of Promotion of Science Fellowship Award, Acta Metallurgical Gold Metal and the 1989 David Adler Lectureship Award.

  Balluffi, a former member of the MRS Council, graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a B.S. in metallurgy in 1947 and a Sc.D. in metallurgy in 1950.

  
  
• John B. Goodenough, The University of Texas at Austin (1989)

  Professor Goodenough has made pioneering contributions in many experimental fields, including such diverse topics as development of ferrite-core random access memories, high pressure studies of perovskites, and the analysis of lithium ion conductivity in spinels. He has addressed the electronic structure of complex materials, with concepts fundamental to chemical bonding. In the days before band structure calculations were routine, Professor Goodenough succeeded in constructing, qualitatively, the band structures of most important semiconductors, oxides and metallic compounds. His 1963 book, “Magnetism and the Chemical Bond,” remains a classic reference in the field. A similar intuitive approach underlies Professor Goodenough’s classic analysis of superexchange mechanisms and of metal-insulator transitions. His work on Mott localization in oxides is of fundamental significance. Professor Goodenough’s work on the electronic structure of transition metal compounds has covered magnetic-exchange interactions, localized treatment of outer electrons, martensitic phase transformation mechanisms and structure of ferroelectrics and bronzes. He has studied the electronic structure of metals based on the interactions of Fermi surfaces with Brillouinzone surfaces in reciprocal space. He has recently investigated the electron paring mechanism in high-T, superconductor structures.

  Professor Goodenough has also made key contributions in the field of materials for alternate energy technologies. These include solid electrolytes, solid-solution storage-cell electrodes, photoelectrolysis, of water with sunlight, wavelength-selective coatings for solar collectors, zeolites for air conditioning with solar energy, catalytic electrodes and heterogeneous catalysis.

  Professor Goodenough graduated from Yale University with a B.A. in mathematics in 1943 and obtained his Ph.D. in physics at the University of Chicago in 1952. His research in electronic materials (chemistry) continued at the Lincoln Laboratory until his move in 1976 to the University of Oxford as professor and head of the inorganic chemistry laboratory. In 1986 he accepted the Virginia H. Cockrell Centennial Chair of Engineering at The University of Texas of Austin.

  
  
• Jacques Friedel, Université de Paris-Sud (1988)

  He has made pioneering contributions to our understanding of the behavior of dislocation and strength of materials, electron theory of metals and the properties of alloys. Among them are the Friedel sum rule for impunity screening, the Friedel charge oscillations around impurities, the concept of the virtual bound state, the explanation of the possible formation of magnetic moments on impurities in metals, the concept of the spin glass, a real-space approach to calculating the electronic structure of materials that lack translational symmetry, the Friedel model for oriented cross-slip of dislocations, the dissociation of dislocations into disclinations, and the description of work-hardening in metals through the interaction dislocations with a random array of obstacles.

  Professor Friedel is at the Laboratory of Solid State Physics at the University of Paris in Orsay, where he is also head of the department of physics. He was educated at the Ecole Polytechnique and the Ecole des Mines in Paris. He obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Bristol in 1952 and his Doctorat és Sciences in Paris in 1953.

  Professor Friedel is a member of the French Academy of Sciences, Officer of the Légion d’Honneur, Commanduer of the Ordre du Merite, and an honorary member of numerous foreign scientific societies. He has been awarded an honorary doctorate from the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale of Lausanne (Switzerland), the Prix Ancel, Robin et Holweck of the French Physical Society, the Gold Medal of the C.N.R.S., the Prix d’Aumale and the Prix Cognac Jay of the French Academy of Sciences, the Rosenhain Medal of the Instuteu of Metals in London, the Hume-Rothery Award of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, the Dannie Heineman Preis of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and the Acta Metallurgica Gold Medal.

  
  
• Sir Charles Frank, University of Bristol (1987)
  Sir Charles was born in South Africa in 1911. He was educated in the United Kingdom, obtaining a Ph.D. from Oxford University in 1937. He held positions at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut für Physik in Berlin and the Colloid Science Laboratory at Cambridge before his appointment as assistant director of intelligence (science) within the Air Ministry in 1940. After the war, he joined the University of Bristol as a research fellow in the Wills Physics Laboratory. In 1954, he was appointed Henry Overton Wills Professor in the department of physics, which he headed from 1969 until 1976 when he became professor emeritus.
  
  
  
  
• Minko Balkanski, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (1986)
  Minko Balkanski is professor of physics and director of the Solid State Physics Laboratory at the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris.
   
  Balkanski's research and professional activities have had a worldwide impact on materials science. He pioneered many important areas and made significant contributions to many others. He spent three years as a research fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT in Prof. Arthur von Hippel's laboratory, where he was introduced to the concept of interdisciplinary materials research. Upon his return to France, he built laboratories at Ecole Normale Superieure and later at the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie that are recognized as being among the world's best in materials science. At the latter, he maintained the thrust in basic research of lattice dynamics and spectroscopy while at the same time broadening the program to include studies on amorphous silicon, optical electronics, and atomic motion in solids.
   
  It may be appropriate to characterize Balkanski's research by saying that he explored the coupling of photons to elementary excitations in solids. In the late 1950s, he suggested that exciton diffusion was a major mechanism for energy transport, and he participated in the invention of the polariton (he was working with von Hippel and] oh n Slate rat the time). Next he turned from excitons to phonons, and using optical pumping, he demonstrated the importance of multiphonon transitions. The phonon research resulted in the first observation of fano resonance in the localized mode, and significant contributions in the areas of impurity-induced density of states spectra, lattice dynamics of semiconductor alloys, superlattice phenomena, and phonon modes in ferroelectrics. He is one of the pioneers in the area of Raman scattering in semiconductors.
   
  Electron-phonon coupling is another area where Balkanski's influence has been felt. His early work on continuum-discrete phonon interference and distortion of line shapes led him to a significant effort in an area which may be referred to as many body aspects of solid-state spectroscopy. Balkanski and his students have had a major influence on surface physics. Photoemission studies in his laboratory on semiconductor surfaces with adsorbates are at this time the world's best.
   
  Balkanski has served as a scientific consultant both in France and the United States and has served professional organizations in numerous capacities. In addition to his current teaching responsibilities at Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, he is also dean of international affairs at the University, scientific advisor for Thomson C.S.F. and for the director of E.S.l.E.E. He is a member of the Publications Board of the European Physical Society and a member of the editorial boards of seven scientific journals. He is the author or editor of nine books and well over 500 scientific articles.
  
  
• John W. Cahn, National Bureau of Standards (1985)
  Cahn obtained his PhD in physical chemistry at Berkeley in a milieu where there was a strong emphasis on classical thermodynamics. Judging from his later career, this emphasis apparently suited his natural inclinations and interests very well. Following Berkeley, he spent two years at Chicago's Institute for the Study of Metals during the exciting period of Cyril Smith's directorship. Undoubtedly the ambience at the Institute arising from the pioneering metallurgical researches of Smith, Clarence Zener, Charles Barrett, and their colleagues played an important part in attracting Cahn to materials science and its challenges. In 1954 Cahn joined the Hollomon Metallurgy and Ceramics group of the G.E. Research Laboratory as a member of the Chemical Metallurgy section.
   
  He immediately became interested in interfaces and their role in phase transformations and derived the conditions under which solid-state transformation kinetics should be dominated by nucleation at the boundaries, edges, or corners of grains. Later he developed the quantitative theory for preferential nucleation of incoherent phases on dislocations.
   
  Following these contributions, partly during the period 1960-1961 which he spent at Cambridge on a Guggenheim Fellowship, Cahn derived the theory for the effects of coherency strains on the thermo- dynamics of phase separation and on the occurrence and early course of spinodal precipitation. This theory explained for the first time the early morphologies of spinodal processes, including the beautifully periodic patterns exhibited by certain precipitate dispersions, e.g., in the Alnico alloys. Also derived from this theory was Cahn's equation for interdiffusion in the presence of extremely high concentration gradients. This equation has been confirmed by a number of experimental studies, perhaps most impressively by those of Hilliard and his students on interdiffusion in compositionally modulated films of very short wave length. Cahn's theory for the coherent spinodal also has greatly illuminated the understanding of the dependence of magnetic and mechanical properties on inter- phase morphology and has provided valuable guidance for alloy design.
   
  More recently at NBS, in collaboration with Francis Larche and others, Cahn de- veloped, in the spirit of Gibbs, a more rigorous and definitive treatment of the thermodynamics of stressed solids and applied it to the analysis of diffusional creep and other phenomena. Very recently Cahn collaborated with Dan Shechtman and others in the first recognition and characterization of a phase exhibiting icosahedral point group symmetry as well as a sharp diffraction pattern. The existence of such a form of matter was quite unexpected and has, as we all know, greatly excited the entire materials science community.
  
  
• Walter L. Brown, AT&T Bell Laboratories (1984)
  Walter Brown, a native of Charlottesville, Virginia, received a B.S. in physics from Duke University in 1945. He attended graduate school at Harvard, which granted him the M.A. degree in 1947, and the Ph.D. degree in 1951. Brown joined the research department of AT&T Bell Laboratories in November of 1950 and has been head of the Radiation Physics Research department since 1958.
   
  The Basis of MOSFET Technology His early experiments at Bell Labs with Brattain, Shockley, and Fletcher laid the foundation of understanding of surface states and inversion layers in silicon and germanium that made possible the development of MOSFET technology. He used the variation of conductance with external field to determine both the surface potential and the distribution of charge in surface states, and recognized that observation of the unique minimum in conductance leads to quantitative results. Brown's interest in semiconductors led to the design of solid state radiation detectors that were flown in the first Telstar experimental communications satellite, and which were used to determine the nature of the particles that are trapped in the Van Allen belts. The success of this set of experiments led to the formulation of magnetospheric research program at Bell Labs, and netted significant advances in the understanding of semiconductor materials, particularly the boron and phosphorus diffusion processes that are so fundamental to today's semiconductor industry.
   
  In the early Sixties, Brown's interest in particle detectors and high energy particle damage led to his involvement, together with J.A. Burton, in the organization of a joint program with Rutgers University that would serve to provide shared equipment and eventually to stimulate the interest and dedicated efforts of a large number of materials scientists. The Rutgers University – Bell Laboratory Accelerator Laboratory and Walter Brown's research department at Bell Labs were at the center of a global interest in the phenomenon of particle channeling and blocking in crystals. The joint program resulted in the granting of a dozen Ph.D. degrees to graduate students whose research was directed wholly or in part by Bell Labs scientists. Among the alumni of the Accelerator Laboratory are many prominent materials scientists and MRS members-B.R. Appleton, L.C. Feldman, and J.K. Hirvonen, to name but three.
  
  Particle channeling and its application to the determination of impurity site location and damage studies proved to be an important adjunct to the development of ion implantation doping of semiconductors, and again, it was Walter Brown who realized the importance of the process and developed a strong research program to focus upon it. Using channeling techniques to diagnose the effects of implantation, Brown and colleagues were successful in generating techniques for the successful use of implantation in the production of semiconductor devices. Sputtering, a process also observed during the interaction of high energy particles with solids, also captured Walter Brown's interest. He and colleagues showed the preferential sputtering of light elements from multicomponent solids, and the consequential enrichment of the surface with heavier elements—a discovery of great significance when sputtering is contemplated as a depth profiling tool for chemical analysis. Brown's sputtering interest led him to consider, with colleagues, the sputtering of frozen gases on planetary surfaces by energetic particles in the solar system. In this case, experiments showed very large sputtering rates that could only be explained by electronic excitation of the material being sputtered, a phenomenon limited in effect to insulators. Most recently, Walter Brown has directed his interests to laser solid interactions. It was he, together with colleagues, who first demonstrated that the annealing of implantation damage by laser irradiation is accomplished in the solid phase; i.e., does not involve melting. Research interests aside, Walter Brown is known within the international community of scientists as a nurturer of colleagues, a friend and confidant of many, and as a professional of great integrity and vision. Brown is involved. He is involved with the members of his own research group, with his colleagues at Bell Laboratories, and with the world of science. 
  
  
• Sir Peter B. Hirsch, University of Oxford (1983)
  Sir Peter is Isaac Wolfson Professor of Metallurgy at the University of Oxford. A Fellow of the Royal Society and a Fellow of St Edmund Hall, Oxford, he also is Chairman of the United Kingdom Atomic energy Authority. His Electron Microscopy of Thin Crystals, written with A. Howie, R.B. Nicholson, D.W. Pashley and M.J. Whelan and published in 1965, is the fundamental text on that subject, and his The Physics of Metals, Vol. II, Defects, is equally important.
  

  Peter Bernhard Hirsch was born Jan. 16, 1925, to Ismar and Regina Hirsch. Educated at Sloane School, Chelsea, he took his B.A. in 1946 from St Catharine's College, Cambridge, and became a research student at Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, taking his M.A. in 1950 and his Ph.D. a year later. At the Cavendish Laboratory, Hirsch carried out research on the relation between microstructure and the mechanical properties of metals and alloys. After studying first the detailed structure of metals by means of fine beam X-rays, he and his colleagues developed in 1956 an electron transmission microscope technique whereby individual crystal lattice defects, called dislocations, can be resolved and their structure, arrangement and interactions studied. Professor Hirsch and his research group developed the basic theory of contrast of electron microscope images of lattice defects and applied this technique to the study of a number of basic problems in dislocation theory, and associated with the use of metals and alloys, including their strength, work-hardening, fatigue and annealing behavior. 

   In 1959 Hirsch married Mabel Anne Kellar (nee Stephens), widow of James Noel Kellar. That year he was appointed Lecturer in Physics at Cambridge, and a year later made a Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. (In 1978 Christ's College named him an Honorary Fellow.) He was appointed Reader in Physics at Cambridge in 1964, a position he retained for two years. After coming to Oxford in 1966 as Head of the Department of Metallurgy and Science of Materials, he turned his attention to the mechanical properties of dispersion hardened alloys, the mechanism of climb of dissociated dislocations, the nature of defects in semiconductors and, more recently, to the effect of doping on the mechanical properties of semiconductors and ceramics, as well as to the mechanisms of work hardening in ordered alloys. 

  As indefatigable with his pen as his microscope, Hirsch published scores of articles in learned journals. In 1965 his Electron Microscopy of Thin Crystals was issued, and quickly became a standard. Already a Fellow of the Royal Society and the recipient of the Rosenhain Medal of the Institute of Metals and the C.V. Boyes Prize of the Institute of Physics and Physical Society, Hirsch began to be showered with honors: honorary doctorates from such schools as Newcastle, East Anglia, Northwestern and City universities; the Clamer Medal of the Franklin Institute, which also made him a Life Fellow, Helsinki's Wihuri International Prize, the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society, the Platinum Medal of the Metals Society, the Royal Medal of the Royal Society and the A.A. Griffith Silver Medal of the Materials Science Club; and Fellowships and Honorary Fellowships in such societies as the Institute of Physics, Institution of Metallurgists, Royal Microscopical Society and the Japan Society of Electron Microscopy. In 1975 he was honored by his nation and made Knight Bachelor. Sir Peter in 1982 was appointed Chairman of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority. His work in metallurgy had led to the assessment of the integrity of pressurized water reactors, and a unique understanding of the damage caused by irradiation in nuclear reactors.

  
  
• Clarence M. Zener, Carnegie Mellon University (1982)
  Clarence C. Zener was born in Indianapolis in 1905. His first love was mathematics, in which he received his B.A. from Stanford in 1926. His developing interest in physics led him to take his Ph. D. in that discipline from Harvard University in 1929. A brilliant student, he was awarded academic fellowships in Germany (1929-30), at Princeton University (1930-32) and at England's Bristol University, to which he traveled in 1932. It was at Bristol, scarcely out of school, that Zener began to perform the work in internal friction that established his reputation as one of the boldest thinkers in physics.
   
  Zener's achievement was two-fold. On the one hand, he developed the theoretical models that would explain the causes of internal friction in solids, particularly metals. He designed many of the experimental programs necessary to verify his hypotheses and, with such distinguished collaborators as Nobel laureate Neville Mott and Harry Jones, carried the experiments out. On the other hand, he then applied his own theoretical work to the design and engineering of the most original application of this work, the Zener diode.
   
  In 1935, Zener in 1935 accepted the first of a series of academic appointments. He was a member of the physics faculty of Washington University in St. Louis, City College of New York and, when the Second World War broke out, Washington State University. In 1942 he joined the Watertown, Mass., Arsenal, becoming principal physicist there. For his war-time contribution, the War Department bestowed on him its Exceptional Civilian Service Award. In 1945 he was appointed professor of physics at the University of Chicago.
   
  In 1951 Zener joined Westinghouse to lead the expansion of its basic research program, becoming director of the laboratories in 1957. In his fifteen years with Westinghouse he built a staff and a research institution among the best in the world, while at the same time continuing his own research, which has ranged from atomic physics and dielectric breakdown to solid state diffusion, the thermodynamics and kinetics of metallurgical transformations, plastic deformation and the invention of geometric programming. Texas A&M called Zener back to academia in 1966, appointing him Dean of Science. Two years later, he was persuaded to return to Pittsburgh as University Professor at Carnegie Mellon University.
   
  The author of more than 125 papers and books in addition to his famous monograph on internal friction, Zener has received the Bingham Award of the Society of Rheology, the Wetherill Medal of the Franklin Institute, and the Albert Souveur Achievement Award and the Gold Medal of the American Society for Metals. He is a fellow of the American Physical Society and a member of the National Academy of Science.
  
  
• James W. Mayer, Cornell University (1981)
  "Carried out research on implantation that identified the damage and the epitaxial regrowth phenomena crucial to the semiconductor industry, and pioneered the use of ion beam techniques for materials analysis."
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
• W. Conyers Herring, Stanford University (1980)
  Herring has enjoyed a long and distinguished scientific career. He obtained his Ph.D. in physics from Princeton University in 1937, and from 1937-1941, taught at MIT, Princeton and the University of Missouri. During the years 1941-1945, he was a member of staff, division of war research, Columbia University. From 1946 to 1976,  Herring was a member of technical staff at Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey, and since then has been professor of applied physics at Stanford University.
  
  Herring has had a profound and seminal influence on the development of materials science and solid state physics. His contributions to the understanding of solid surfaces underpin the entire fields of crystal growth, sintering and plastic flow at high temperatures. He, together with J.K. Galt, realized and demonstrated that whiskers of high crystalline perfection would exhibit extraordinary mechanical properties. He has contributed importantly to our understanding of transport in semiconductors, and his work on exchange interactions in ferromagnetism is regarded as classic. Dr. Herring's sustaining concern with scientific and social responsibility is exemplified by his current chairmanship of the Committee for a Literature Survey of Nuclear Power, sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences. 
  
  
• David Turnbull, Harvard University (1979)
  "Has distinguished himself in many areas of materials research, including especially kinetics to crystal nucleation and growth, diffusion in metals, and glass formation."
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
• William O. Baker, Bell Laboratories (1978)
  "Led research into solid state materials and macromolecules, dielectric, and dynamic mechanical properties of crystals and glasses, information processing technology, and plastics, fibers, and natural and synthetic rubbers. He nurtured and oversaw the development of one of the world's preeminent laboratories."
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
• Arthur von Hippel, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1976)
  The Von Hippel Award bears the name of its first recipient, whose pioneering research and unfettered spirit inspired the prize. Emeritus professor of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, von Hippel’s research in dialectics, semiconductors, ferromagnetics and ferroelectrics resulted in the publication of two visionary books, Molecular Science and Molecular Engineering and Molecular Designing of Materials and Devices.
   
  Von Hippel studied electrophysics at the University of Goettingen, which granted him a PhD in 1924. After a decade of teaching and research in Europe he joined the MIT faculty in 1936. It was in his lab that the example of scientists working cooperatively to solve the mysteries of materials from the atomic to the microstructural level first challenged the parochialism that had prevailed before and demonstrated the utility of the interdisciplinary approach which the Materials Research Society fosters and embodies.