ATP Synthase and Ion Channel-Integrated Biotransducer

Ions and other biological carriers play an important role in controlling biological systems in biology. Bioelectronics has been established as a research discipline that focuses on the conversion of biological signals into electronic devices. We have been investigating the feasibility of transmitting H⁺ signals to biological systems to control the biological functions of enzymes^[¹^] and mitochondria^[²^]. Here, we fabricated a biodevice that can transmit a proton signal from a device to a biological system via an external voltage, integrated sulfonated polyaniline (SPA) biotransducer on microelectrode, using ATP synthases for ATP synthesis/hydrolysis, and luciferase for bioluminescence fueled by ATP^[3]. When an input voltage is applied to the electrode, the SPA electrode can control the proton current and subsequent pH gradient modulation across the membrane, controlled the output bioluminescence via enzymatic cascade reactions from the ATP synthases and luciferase enzymes. This electron-ion transport platform provides a new way to control the ATP synthase reaction, and the proton signal is mediated by an external voltage.<br/>[1] Miyake, T.; Josberger, E. E.; Keene, S.; Deng, Y.; Rolandi, M. An Enzyme Logic Bioprotonic Transducer. <i>APL Materials</i> <b>2015</b>, <i>3</i> (1), 014906.<br/>[2] Zhang, Z.; Kashiwagi, H.; Kimura, S.; Kong, S.; Ohta, Y.; Miyake, T. A Protonic Biotransducer Controlling Mitochondrial ATP Synthesis. <i>Sci Rep</i> <b>2018</b>, <i>8</i> (1), 10423.<br/>[3] Chen, Y.; Cui, M.; Lin, C.; Liu, B.; Mitome, N.; Miyake, T. Enzymatic Bioluminescence Modulation with an ATP Synthase Integrated Biotransducer. <i>Adv. Mater. Technol.</i> <b>2021</b>, 2100729.