Fully 3D Printed Bio-Electronic Devices for Nerve Regeneration

Advancements in miniaturization, wireless technology, and flexible electronic components have led to the development of diverse bio-interfaced electronics for medical devices. Extensive research has focused on implantable electronic components that can be precisely positioned within the body to record or stimulate specific areas. A significant challenge in this field is achieving a seamless interface between the inserted electronic component and the complex surface or irregular structure of the body. To overcome this challenge, customization of the electrode part and the main body of the device is necessary to adapt to the intricate body surface. Moreover, optimizing space utilization is essential to enable smooth packaging of components in limited spaces, requiring a compact form factor. Therefore, the utilization of additive manufacturing for configuring data-driven voxelated electronic materials within a three-dimensional space holds great potential for integrating electronic components in customized forms. Additionally, it is crucial to prevent infections or internal damage caused by permanent implantation or removal surgery in implantable electronic components. Ultimately, addressing these concerns necessitates biodegradation after the device's operational lifespan. In this study, a fully printed wireless electroceutical tube was developed, capable of treating injuries by inserting it as a tube into peripheral nerves. This achievement was based on the use of biodegradable voxelated electronic ink. Notably, the integration of biodegradable voxelated semiconductors with conductors and dielectrics enabled the creation of a device that generates wireless-controlled monophasic pulses, demonstrating its significant potential for biomedical applications. The suitability for in vivo application was evaluated in small and large animals, and the validity of the findings was confirmed through biological verification, which involved confirming therapeutic effects and assessing their impact on actual functional recovery.