Bioinspired 3D Printed Vascularized Polymers for Detection of and Response to Bacteria on Surfaces

Being able to passively detect and actively respond to bacterial infection on the surface of medical devices is crucial for positive health outcomes. Nature accomplishes this passive detection and active response process with complex vascular systems that aid in transporting signals and responding accordingly. In this work, we embedded vascular networks in polymeric hydrogels using 3D printing to create a detect-and-respond system for bacteria at the material surface. Vascular channels were embedded using a technique known as fugitive ink printing. Tests with <i>E. coli</i> as a model bacterial system showed that the bacterial cells could be detected through the vascular network. The cells could then be precisely killed at the surface by introducing gentamicin into the vascular channels, removing the need for systemic application of antibiotics. Theoretical models of diffusion were developed that matched experimental results and that could be used to rationally design the detect-and-respond system. This work lays the foundation for the fabrication and use of vascularized polymers as an adaptive system for the early detection of and response to bacterial infections on medical devices.