The Dream of the Perfect Nanocrystal

Quantum dots are nanometer-sized crystallites of semiconductor that have a roughly spherical shape. Due to extensive research, quantum dots are now commercially used as a robust fluorescent material in displays and lighting. However, even with our best procedures, state-of-the-art samples still contain particles with a distribution in size and shape. Because this causes variations in their optical properties, their performance for applications is reduced. This leads to a fundamental question: can we achieve a sample of semiconductor nanocrystals in which all the particles are exactly the same? In this talk we will discuss this possibility by examining two classes of nanomaterials. First, we will consider thin rectangular particles known as semiconductor nanoplatelets. Amazingly, nanoplatelet samples can be synthesized in which all crystallites have the same atomic-scale thickness (e.g., 4 monolayers). This uniformity in one dimension suggests that routes to monodisperse samples might exist. After describing the underlying growth mechanism for nanoplatelets, we will then move to a much older nanomaterial—magic-sized clusters (MSCs). Such species are believed to be molecular-scale arrangements (i.e., clusters) of semiconductor atoms with a specific (“magic”) structure with enhanced stability compared to particles slightly smaller or larger. Their existence implies that MSC samples can in principle be the same size and shape. Unfortunately, despite three decades of research, the formation mechanism of MSCs remains unclear, especially considering recent experiments that track the evolution of MSCs to sizes well beyond the “cluster” regime. Again, we will discuss the underlying growth mechanism and its implications for nanocrystal synthesis. Finally, we will present an outlook if perfect nanomaterials can be obtained.