Symposium Organizers
Jan Schroers Yale University
Ralf Busch Universitaet des Saarlandes
Nobuyuki Nishiyama RIMCOF-Tohoku University Laboratory
Mo Li Georgia Institute of Technology
Z1: Glass Physics and Deformation Mechanisms
Session Chairs
Monday PM, November 26, 2007
Room 202 (Hynes)
9:30 AM - **Z1.1
Models for Deformation and Flow Behavior of Metallic Glasses.
William Johnson 1
1 Dept of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadenia, California, United States
Show Abstract10:00 AM - **Z1.2
Thermal Properties of Simple Condensed Matter.
Andrew Granato 1
1 Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois, United States
Show AbstractOne of the most distinctive features of condensed matter is the large entropy of melting [1.2 R for most of the elements of the periodic table – Richards rule (1893)]. There are even larger deviations for a few elements that are systematic with the column in the periodic table. Also, the specific heat of liquids and glasses has many characteristic and universal properties. A quantitative and comprehensive account of these properties is given by the interstitialcy theory of condensed matter.
10:30 AM - Z1.3
Anelastic Deformation of an Al-Rich Metallic Glass.
Kotesvararao Rajulapati 1 , Dongchan Jang 1 , Michael Atzmon 1 2
1 NERS, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 2 MSE, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
Show AbstractIn a metallic glass subjected to low stress, the strain consists of three contributions: elastic, anelastic and viscoplastic. The anelastic strain is recoverable and time dependent, whereas the viscoplastic strain is permanent and time dependent. Previous studies have shown that the viscosity is strongly dependent on the relaxation state. On the other hand, some authors have suggested that the anelastic strain is independent of the relaxation state. In order to characterize the dependence of anelastic strain on the state of a metallic glass, bending experiments have been conducted to monitor stress relaxation in Al86.8Ni3.7Y9.5. These experiments included both macroscopic and submicron bending, where the latter were conducted using a nanoindenter. The time constants observed for anelastic relaxation range from seconds to hundreds of hours. At room temperature, the time-dependent deformation is predominantly anelastic, whereas at higher temperatures, viscoplastic, permanent, deformation is also observed. Combinations of cold rolling and/or annealing below the glass-transition temperature were used to modify the state of the glass. While relaxation anneals prior to bending do not result in significant changes in the subsequent response to bending, cold rolling and subsequent annealing both lead to significant changes. The trends in the dependence of anelastic deformation behavior on the extent of cold rolling will be discussed. The anelastic deformation behavior of the Al-based alloy will be compared with that of other metallic glasses. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation, Grant DMR-0605911.
10:45 AM - Z1.4
The Underlying Mechanisms of the Anelastic to Plastic Transition in Metallic Glass-Forming Liquids.
Marios Demetriou 1 , John Harmon 1 , Annelen Kahl 1 , William Johnson 1 , Joerg Hachenberg 2 , Konrad Samwer 2
1 Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States, 2 I. Physik Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen Germany
Show AbstractSome of the earliest efforts to describe the mechanics of deformation and flow of metallic glasses and liquids were carried out by Argon [1]. Inspired by the deformation of soap bubble rafts, Argon argued that deformation of metallic glasses and liquids should be accommodated by plastic rearrangements of atomic regions involving tens of atoms, termed shear transformation zones (STZ’s). Argon further recognized that these plastically rearranging regions were not free but confined within an elastic medium [2], in accordance with the early insightful theories of Eshelby [3]. As known from the work of Johari and Goldstein [4], the underlying relaxation mechanisms of liquids and glasses are governed by two kinetic processes: a fast process, termed the β process, viewed as a locally initiated and reversible process, and a slow process, termed the α process, viewed as a large scale irreversible rearrangement of the material. From a potential energy landscape perspective, Stillinger and co-workers [5] have identified the β transitions as stochastically activated hopping events across “sub-basins” confined within the inherent “megabasin”, and the α transitions as irreversible hopping events extending across different landscape megabasins.In this presentation we will discuss the relevance of the underlying α and β liquid relaxation mechanisms to Argon’s concept of “dressed” STZ’s. We will demonstrate that isolated STZ transitions confined within the elastic matrix are associated with the faster β relaxation processes, while the percolation of these transitions leading to the collapse of the confining matrix and breakdown of elasticity are associated with the slower α process. We investigated these processes by studying the configurational properties associated with the transition from anelasticity to plasticity in a transiently deforming metallic glass-forming liquid. Mechanical, calorimetric, ultrasonic, and strain recovery experiments were performed to probe the instantaneous changes in stress, stored potential energy, isoconfigurational shear modulus, and anelastic strain recovery. The data revealed that the transition from anelastic to plastic response can be separated into reversible and irreversible configurational hopping across the liquid energy landscape, identified with the β and α glass relaxation processes, respectively. More interestingly, the critical stress arising from the transition has been recognized as the effective Eshelby “backstress”, providing a direct link between the apparent anelastic to plastic transition and the collapse of the STZ elastic matrix confinement.[1] A. S. Argon, Acta Metall. 27, 47 (1979).[2] A. S. Argon and L. T. Shi, Acta Metall. 31, 499 (1983).[3] J. D. Eshelby, Proc. R. Soc. A 241, 376 (1957).[4] G. P. Johari and M. Goldstein, J. Chem. Phys. 53, 2372 (1970).[5] P. G. Debenedetti and F. H. Stillinger, Nature 410, 259 (2001).
11:30 AM - **Z1.5
Deformation Mechanisms of Metallic Glasses.
Frans Spaepen 1
1 , Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractThis talk consists of two parts. (i) A discussion of homogeneous flow in a stress-temperature regime where shear bands can form. Homogeneous flow can be measured under these conditions by supporting thin films of metallic glass on a compliant polymer substrate. This minimizes the effect of shear band and crack formation on the stress-strain measurement. The yield stress and steady-state flow stress are independent of strain rate at room temperature, which can be understood from the strong stress-dependence of both the strain rate and the disordering rate. (ii) A presentation of experiments on colloidal hard-sphere-like glasses deformed in shear. This technique allows all individual particles, as well as the strain tensor, to be tracked in space and time. The shear deformation is heterogeneous. Shear transformation sites can be identified and their activation volume and energy can be determined and compared to experiments on metallic glasses. The stress field around a shear event induces new events in the vicinity. The shear events are thermally activated, as is apparent from an analysis of thermal fluctuations.
12:00 PM - **Z1.6
Theory of Large-Scale Plastic Deformation in Amorphous Materials: A Progress Report.
James Langer 1
1 , University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
Show AbstractThe goal of recent shear-transformation-zone (STZ) theories has been to construct a phenomenological description of amorphous plasticity that will be based on physical principles and molecular models, and yet be simple enough to be useful in predicting the performance of real materials. In reporting progress toward this goal, I will focus on the dynamic role played by the effective disorder temperature -- a generalization of the free-volume -- in controlling relaxation rates, determining the values of internal state variables such as STZ densities under nonequilibrium conditions, and predicting nonlinear shear-banding instabilities.
12:30 PM - Z1.7
Condition to Initiate Shear Bands around a Stress Concentration in Metallic Glass.
Corinne Packard 1 , Christopher Schuh 1
1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractVarious fundamental aspects of plastic deformation through shear banding in metallic glasses are not well understood, especially the conditions under which a shear band will or will not initiate. In this work, the onset of plastic deformation during spherical contact has been studied in three bulk metallic glasses to garner data about the initiation of shear bands near a stress concentration. Conventional analyses that assume yield is controlled by the maximum stress at a point in the glass are shown to overestimate the true yield stress by a very wide margin. On the other hand, by recognizing that the yield event occurs only when the yield stress is exceeded everywhere along a viable shear path, we can rationalize the measurements in terms of independent measures of the glass yield stress, and predict a shear band trajectory that is consistent with results from slip-line field theory and experimental observations. This result not only offers new insight on the cooperative nature of shear banding in metallic glasses, but also has special relevance to situations involving stress concentrators such as in composite materials or around cracks.
12:45 PM - Z1.8
Measurements of the Dynamics of Shear Bands in Metallic Glasses
Eun Soo Park 1 , Frans Spaepen 1
1 School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractAlthough it is generally known that the shear bands behave like fast-moving shear cracks, only little quantitative information has been collected on their dynamics. Furthermore, the structure and density of these shear bands has been studied mostly after the fact. We have used high-speed observation techniques for studying the nucleation and propagation of shear bands in bend test on thin ribbons. Effects of strain rate, thickness, surface condition and embrittling anneals will be reported.
Z2: Structure, Fragility, Relaxation
Session Chairs
Ralf Busch
William Johnson
Monday PM, November 26, 2007
Room 202 (Hynes)
2:30 PM - **Z2.1
Glasses in Single-component and Binary Metal Systems by Experiment, Computer Simulation and Theoretical Modeling.
Austin Angell 1
1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
Show Abstract3:00 PM - Z2.2
Connection of Physical Aging and the Slow β-relaxation in Metallic Glasses.
Joerg Hachenberg 1 , Dennis Bedorf 1 , Konrad Samwer 1 , Annelen Kahl 2 , Marios Demetriou 2 , William Johnson 2
1 I. Physikalisches Institut, Univ. Göttingen, Göttingen Germany, 2 Keck Engineering Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States
Show AbstractIn this contribution, evidence is provided that physical aging can be interpreted in terms of a Johari-Goldstein slow β-relaxation.Metallic glasses are commonly used as model systems for glassy dynamics. This is due to the fact that their interactions can be simplified as such of hard spheres. Special attention has been attracted by recent experimental studies [1] and computer simulations [2] revealing the existence of a secondary, slow β-relaxation as a universal feature of the glass transition. Here, heat rate dependant mechanical spectroscopy is used to investigate the connection between this β-relaxation and physical aging. The close dependence of both phenomena can be interpreted as a single relaxation showing up on two timescales (heating rate resp. spectroscopy frequency). It is proposed that both phenomena share a common origin.This work is supported by DFG, Graduiertenkolleg 782 and SFB 602, TP B8.[1] J. Hachenberg, K. Samwer, J. Non-Cryst. Sol. 352, 5110 (2006)[2] H. Teichler, Phys. Rev. E 71, 031505 (2005); M. Zink, K. Samwer, W. L. Johnson, and S. G. Mayr, Phys. Rev. B 73, 172203 (2006); M. Zink, K. Samwer, W. L. Johnson, and S. G. Mayr, Phys. Rev. B 74, 012201 (2006)
3:15 PM - Z2.3
Volume and Enthalpy Relaxation in Bulk Metallic Glasses.
Osami Haruyama 1 , Yoshihiko Yokoyama 2 , Akihisa Inoue 2 , Nobuyuki Nishiyama 3 , Takeshi Egami 4
1 Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan, 2 Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan, 3 , RIMCOF, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan, 4 Materials Science and Engineering, Tennessee, KnoxVille, Tennessee, United States
Show AbstractThe kinetics of the structural relaxation has been studied extensively since the discovery of bulk metallic glasses (BMG). At sufficiently lower temperatures than calorimetric glass transition temperature Tg, the structural relaxation is proved to be the process with a spectrum of relaxation times. In the present study, we compare with the kinetics of structural relaxation in Pd42.5Cu30Ni7.5P20, Pd40Ni40P20, Pd45.5Cu35.5P19, Zr55Cu30Ni5Al10 and Zr50Cu30Al10 glasses, where the relaxation process was examined by change in density at room temperature and in-situ enthalpy change during relaxation. In addition, several fundamental concepts in free volume theory, such as the validity of the relation, ΔH=kΔv, where ΔH and Δv are the change in enthalpy and volume of glass with the development of relaxation, are discussed on the base of volume and enthalpy relaxation data.
3:30 PM - Z2.4
The Relation Between Structure and Mechanical Properties, Deduced from Studies of Structural Relaxation in Mg-based Glasses.
Jorg Loffler 1 , Alberto Castellero 1 , Dirk Uhlenhaut 1 , Florian Dalla Torre 1 , Nikolay Djourelov 2 , Bernd Schmitt 3
1 Materials Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich Switzerland, 2 Subatomic and Radiation Physics, Ghent University, Ghent Belgium, 3 Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI Switzerland
Show AbstractWhen Mg–Cu–Y alloys are produced in bulk form they exhibit high compressive strength but no plasticity. In contrast, when they are rapidly quenched to ribbons or splats they show plastic deformation upon bending for a limited time at room temperature but then undergo a ductile-to-brittle transition within a short time. Corresponding to this time-dependent embrittlement, the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) curves show a reduction in the relaxation enthalpy that is associated with a structural relaxation (i.e. annihilation of free volume) of the metallic glass. This structural relaxation increases the elastic constants (measured via acoustic excitation) as a function of aging time, with the shear modulus increasing faster than the Young's modulus (i.e., the Poisson ratio decreases as the alloy ages). In fact, the alloy reveals the ductile-to-brittle transition at a critical value of 0.32 [1], corresponding to earlier results obtained for several families of bulk metallic glasses [2]. Here, this value was verified for one individual sample of a single composition and can be directly related to the relaxation process observed by DSC.To characterize the defect structure in the metallic glass in more detail, we performed synchrotron x-ray diffraction and positron annihilation experiments. The radial distribution functions obtained from the synchrotron experiments show an overall reduction in the interatomic distances during aging at room temperature. In turn, the positron annihilation spectra are split into two sample lifetimes, with the longer lifetime (resulting from larger positron traps) disappearing when the ductile-to-brittle transition occurs [3]. We relate this embrittlement to the amount and extent of free volume which alters upon room-temperature aging, and discuss the interrelation between mechanical properties and the defect structure of metallic glasses.References:[1] A. Castellero, D. I. Uhlenhaut, B. Moser, J. F. Löffler, Phil. Mag. Lett. 87 (2007) 383 – 392.[2] J.J. Lewandowski, W.H. Wang and A.L. Greer, Phil. Mag. Lett. 85 (2005) 77 – 87. [3] D. I. Uhlenhaut et al., 'Structural analysis of amorphous Mg–Cu–Y during room-temperature embrittlement', Phys. Rev. B (submitted).
3:45 PM - Z2.5
Non-Newtonian Viscosity of Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5, Zr57Cu15.4Ni12.6Al10Nb5 and Pd43Ni10Cu27P20 Bulk Metallic Glass Forming Liquids.
Prashant Wadhwa 1 2 , Christopher Way 2 , Jan Schroers 3 , Ralf Busch 2 1
1 Mechanical Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States, 2 Lehrstuhl fuer Metallische Werkstoffe, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany, 3 Mechanical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
Show AbstractThe viscosity of Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5, Zr57Cu15.4Ni12.6Al10Nb5 and Pd43Ni10Cu27P20 has been measured above the liquidus temperature as a function of temperature and shear rate in a high temperature couette rheometer. All these glass formers show much higher viscosities than monoatomic metallic liquids and the non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior. Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 exhibits a strong shear thinning behavior on shearing from 0.1s-1 to 250s-1 at the temperatures above the liquidus temperature. This non-Newtonian behavior gets weaker with increasing temperature and the material starts to behave like a Newtonian liquid at temperatures above 1225 K. Zr57Cu15.4Ni12.6Al10Nb5 shows a strong non-Newtonian behavior on shearing from 0.1 s-1 to 100 s-1 at the temperatures between 1130 K and 1330 K. This non-Newtonian behavior disappears at higher shear rates where the viscosity stays constant. The melt viscosity of the Pd alloy shows a lower viscosity than the Zr-based alloys. The non-Newtonian behavior of the alloys is characterized by fitting a power law to the viscosity data as a function of shear rate. Both Zr-based alloys show a stronger shear rate dependence of the viscosity than the Pd alloy which is characterized by a significant difference in the shear thinning exponent.
4:30 PM - **Z2.6
Structure and Thermodynamics of Metallic Glasses.
Takeshi Egami 1 2 3 , Valentin Levashov 2 , Rachel Aga 3 , Jamie Morris 1 3
1 Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, 2 Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, 3 , Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States
Show AbstractThe atomic structure of metallic glasses is usually described by the atomic pair-density function (PDF) which can be directly measured by diffraction experiments. However, it is not easy to relate the information obtained by the PDF to the properties of interest. For instance the PDF of a metallic glass changes with temperature and composition, and with structural relaxation and mechanical deformation. But we do not possess an effective language to discuss the changes in the PDF in relation to the changes in the properties. In this talk we discuss how the peak height and width of the PDF are related to temperature and structural relaxation, and how the anisotropy of the PDF can be induced by mechanical deformation, in terms of the topological fluctuation of atomic connectivity network. More specifically we show how the local topology defines the local energy landscape through the local elastic deformation energy, and how the local elastic energy changes with temperature and the inherent structure that defines the local fictive temperature. We also show how local shear deformation results in the anisotropic PDF and local anelasticity. Thus the structure and the PDF can be described in the language of local structural distortion and its distribution, as they depend on temperature, thermal history and relaxation, elastic and plastic deformation. This approach can be the basis of more rigorous and effective description of the atomic structure of glasses. This work is supported by the Department of Energy through contract DE-AC05-00OR-22725.
5:00 PM - Z2.7
A Topological Basis for Bulk Glass Formation.
Prabhat Gupta 1 , Dan Miracle 2
1 Department of Materials Science and Engineerging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States, 2 Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, AF Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, United States
Show AbstractThe structure of metallic glasses is described as a topologically disordered network of bonds between unlike atoms. Insights into the composition bounds for metallic glass formation and the composition dependence of the glass transition temperature (Tg) are derived from the rigidity of this topologically disordered network, which is taken from the competition between the number of internal constraints and degrees of freedom given by metallic (linear) and covalent (angular) atomic bonds. Optimal stability is achieved when the degrees of freedom are equal to the number of internal constraints. Topology is introduced through atomic coordination and from a qualitative assessment of the metallic or covalent nature of bonding between unlike atoms. Decreasing the degree of covalent bonding decreases bond constraints and hence solute potency, so that metallic glasses are formed with higher solute concentrations relative to topologically similar glasses where covalent bonding dominates. This average bond constraint model provides an estimate of Tg as a function of composition. The shift of bulk metallic glass compositions from the nearest eutectic reaction is rationalized in terms of the variation of Tg with composition near the eutectic. The preference for hypo-eutectic or hyper-eutectic glass compositions is correctly predicted by considering the local topology (coordination number) of competing crystalline phases that bound the eutectic composition. A predicted glass-forming composition range is bounded by a minimum solute concentration for glasses where covalent bonding dominates between unlike atoms, and by an upper concentration for systems with mostly metallic bonding between unlike atoms. The lower curve gives quantitative agreement with experiment and matches predictions from the efficient cluster packing model. The upper curve is not a fixed upper limit for the composition of metallic glasses, but rather represents compositions for which the glass stability is expected to be optimal in glasses dominated by metallic bonding.
5:15 PM - Z2.8
An Analysis of Thermophysical and Mechanical Properties of Glass-Forming Alloys.
Livio Battezzati 1 , Daniele Baldissin 1 , Marcello Baricco 1 , Tanya Baser 1 , Donato Firrao 2 , Paolo Matteis 2 , Giovanni Mortarino 2
1 Dipartimento di Chimica IFM, Università di Torino, Torino Italy, 2 Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino Italy
Show AbstractGlass-forming undercooled liquids and glasses are ranked through their thermophysical properties (glass transition, extensive quantities, fragility indexes) using recent correlations [1] and models describing local minima in potential energy landscapes of the material [2]. The relationships between mechanical properties and some of the above quantities are discussed with the aim of getting insight into the mechanism of the early stages of shear band propagation during mechanical failure when, following up a shear offset event, a local temperature rise occurs [3] and the shear band matures to give a runaway crack [4]. These considerations will be supported by experimental results on hardness and compression testing of Cu- and Pd-based alloys as well as finite element modelling of the shear band.[1] L. Battezzati, Materials Trans., 46 (2005) 2915.[2] G. Ruocco et. al., J. Chem Phys, 120 (2004) 10666.[3] Y. Zhang et. al., J. Mater. Res., 22 (2007) 419.[4] F. Shimizu, Acta Mater., 54 (2006) 4293.Work performed for “Progetto D23, Bando Regionale Ricerca Scientifica Applicata 2004”.
5:30 PM - Z2.9
An Experimental and Theoretical Evaluation of Structural Changes during Glass Relaxation in a Binary Metallic Glass System: Cu1-xZrx.
M. Kramer 1 2 , M. Mendelev 1 2 , D. Sordelet 1
1 Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States, 2 Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
Show AbstractMost metallic glasses, like many non-metallic amorphous materials, undergo structural relaxation during heating. While such a phenomenon is easily observed as an exothermic signature during thermal analysis, direct observation of the structural changes are limited. Data acquisition rates for most scattering techniques are too short and detailed structural analysis requires multiple scattering experiments to obtain the partial pair distributions functions. We combine both rapid data acquisition using high energy synchrotron radiation and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to provide a detailed insight into the structural changes which occur during glass relaxation of a series of Cu1-xZrx metallic glasses formed using rapid solidification. Using a fast acquisition area detector, where high quality data can be obtained in a second or less, we observed measurable changes in diffuse scattering around the glass transition for a series of amorphous CuxZr1-x alloys. The rate of change of the position of the first diffuse peak varies by a factor of 2 at temperatures above the glass transition temperature (Tg) for most alloys from 0.33 < x < 0.645. However, changes in either I(Q) or even the corrected S(Q) do not provide any insight as to how the partial-pair correlation functions (PPCF) change during glass relaxation. Fourier transforming these data provides a means of assessing the total-pair correlation function (TPCF), which suggests that the rate at which the atoms in the first shell are moving apart increases near the Tg. Using a new semi-empirical interatomic potential for the Cu-Zr system we simulated the thermal annealing experiments. The simulated S(Q)s from MD simulations employing this new potential agree very well with experimental data and, therefore, provide a means of both simulating the thermal annealing experiments and interrogating the changes in the partial-pair correlations. While the time scales are very different due to computational limitations, the relative agreements with experiments are consistent. The analysis of the PPCFs shows that the Cu-Cu and Cu-Zr separations decreasing relative to the as-quenched state, while the Zr-Zr distances show a small increase. More importantly, the van Hove correlation function shows that the diffusion mechanism dramatically changes around the Tg, consistent with a glass-liquid transition.
5:45 PM - Z2.10
Correlation Between Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties of Glass-forming Liquids.
Oleg Senkov 1 , Daniel Miracle 2
1 Materials and Processes Division, UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio, United States, 2 Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, United States
Show AbstractCorrelations between three characteristic temperatures: glass transition (Tg), Kauzmann (Tk) and Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (To), and the strength parameter D of super-cooled liquid were identified from the analysis of several different glass-forming liquids. Both Tk and To are functions of Tg and D and can be expressed as To = Tg/(1+D/16ln10) and Tk = Tg/(1+D/16ln10)0.5. The Tk/To ratio is close to 1 for very fragile liquids and it increases parabolically with an increase in D, so that Tk can be well defined as the geometric mean of Tg and To. The temperature dependences of the excess total entropy, configurational entropy, and vibrational entropy of glass-forming liquids were proposed to explain the correlation between Tk and To.
Symposium Organizers
Jan Schroers Yale University
Ralf Busch Universitaet des Saarlandes
Nobuyuki Nishiyama RIMCOF-Tohoku University Laboratory
Mo Li Georgia Institute of Technology
Z3: Shear Localization, Plastic Deformation
Session Chairs
Todd Hufnagel
Christopher Schuh
Tuesday AM, November 27, 2007
Room 202 (Hynes)
9:30 AM - **Z3.1
Effects of Plastic Deformation on Metallic Glasses.
A. Greer 1
1 Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge United Kingdom
Show AbstractWhen metallic glasses are plastically deformed at ambient temperature, it is well known that shear is sharply localized into bands some 10 nm thick. During shear, these bands experience extreme conditions of high strain rate and high heating rate, followed by ultra-rapid cooling. After shear, there are residual effects on the material within the bands, including a decreased resistance to shear compared to the bulk, and possible nanocrystallization and void formation. Heavy plastic deformation by such methods as shot-peening of surfaces can induce changes in larger volumes of material and can give benefits through effects such as compressive residual stress. Recent studies of heavily deformed material, in shear bands and in peened layers, will be reviewed. Peened layers have been studied by X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. These studies reveal structural changes (crystallization and amorphization), as well as deviatoric and dilatational strains. Differential scanning calorimetry has been used to estimate the stored energy in peened layers. The results of these studies are correlated with observations on isolated shear bands, and the structural changes are related to the shear conditions.
10:00 AM - **Z3.2
High Ductility in Small-Volume Metallic Glasses.
Evan Ma 1
1 Materials Sci & Eng, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Show AbstractMonolithic metallic glasses (MGs) generally show no tensile ductility at room temperature and are considered quasi-brittle materials. Under compressive loading, severe plastic instability sets in at the onset of plastic deformation, which appears to be exclusively localized in extremely thin shear bands ~10 nm in thickness. Here we discuss the suppression of such catastrophic strain localization and fracture to bring out the intrinsic ductility in MGs. This is achieved in small-volume MGs, taking advantage of sample size effects on deformation mode and fracture, rather than relying on the multiplication of shear bands or nanocrystallization. The radically different deformation behavior for small-volume monolithic Zr-based and Cu-Zr-Al metallic glasses is demonstrated in situ in a TEM, employing samples with dimensions of the order of 100 nanometers. The in situ tensile experiments were carried out in collaboration with H. Guo and M.L. Sui at SYNL, China, and the in situ nanocompression work was a joint project with Z.W. Shan (Hysitron and LBNL) and J. Li (OSU). Large tensile ductility in the range of 23 to 45% was observed, including significant uniform elongation and extensive necking or stable growth of the shear offset. Under compression, MG nanopillars undergo nearly homogeneous plastic flow, sustained by multiple shear events spaced over a small distance of ~100 nm. Progressive growth of shear offset is also observed without cracking. As such, the MGs apparently can plastically deform in a manner similar to their crystalline counterparts. The sample size effect has important implications for the application of MGs in thin films and micro-devices, as well as for understanding the fundamental deformation and fracture mechanisms of amorphous metals.
10:30 AM - Z3.3
Sample Size-Dependent Deformation of Amorphous Metals.
Cynthia Volkert 1 , Alex Donohue 2 , Frans Spaepen 2
1 Institute for Materials Research II, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Germany, 2 , Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractCompression tests have been performed on micron-sized samples of amorphous Pd80Si20. The compression specimens were cut in the surface of the amorphous metal using a focused ion beam microscope and then compressed using a flat punch in an nanoindenter. It is observed that columns with diameters larger than 400 nm deform by shear band formation, whereas smaller columns undergo homogenous deformation and softening. The transition in deformation mode with sample size is ascribed to a critical strained volume for shear band formation. When the strained volume is too small, the total stored elastic energy becomes too small to sustain formation of a shear band or the stress concentrations ahead of the incipient shear band become too small to allow propagation. The flow stress of the Pd80Si20 is roughly constant for all column diameters. This fact gives insight into the mechanisms for homogeneous and inhomogenous deformation.
10:45 AM - Z3.4
Bulk and Micro-Scale Compressive Properties of a Pd-based Metallic Glass.
Brian Schuster 1 2 , Qiuming Wei 3 , Todd Hufnagel 2 , Kaliat Ramesh 2
1 Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States, 2 , Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 3 , University of North Carolina at Charlottte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
Show AbstractIn a number of pure single crystal face-centered cubic (fcc) metals, strength is found to be highly dependent on the specimen size in the micrometer range perhaps because the size of the specimen is smaller than the characteristic length scale of dislocation multiplication. In contrast, plastic deformation in metallic glasses is not controlled by dislocation dynamics. One result of this is that yield strengths of bulk metallic glass specimens approach theoretical limits. A second logical consequence would be that metallic glasses should not show a significant effect of specimen size on strength. We present quasi-static, room temperature compression data for Pd40Ni40P20 metallic glasses for both bulk and micro-scale specimens. At all sizes, plastic flow is localized in shear bands which are accompanied by sudden strain bursts in the micro-scale tests. We show a modest (~9%) increase in the 0.2% offset yield strength in going from bulk specimens to the smallest measured (~2 µm), and attribute this increase to the effect of defects on shear band initiation, rather than to an intrinsic length-scale dependence of plastic deformation. In contrast to bulk specimens, there is no indication of melting during the fracture of micro-posts.
11:30 AM - **Z3.5
Nanostructure and Plasticity of Bulk Metallic Glasses.
Kazuhiro Hono 1 , Golden Kumar 1 , Kallol Mondal 1 , Tadakatsu Ohkubo 1
1 Magnetic Materials Center, Nat'l Inst Mater Sci, Tsukuba Japan
Show AbstractTypical bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) rupture after elastic limit of about 2%. Recently, many BMGs were reported to exhibit plastic deformation in compression above the elastic limit, which are attributed to localized shear deformation by the propagation of multiple shear bands. Several investigations reported the presence of nanocrystalline particles in the BMGs that exhibit large plastic strain, while some monolithic BMGs were also reported to show plasticity. There are two factors that may influence the plasticity of BMGs; one is microstructural factor such as nanocrystals, compositional heterogeneities or dendritically grown crystalline particles and the other is high Poisson ratios. The former is believed to work as pinning or nucleation sites for shear bands and the latter is believed to facilitate the shear band nucleation. In this work, we have investigated the plasticity of various BMGs and their nanostructures with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP). Based on the systematic experimental results, we discuss the factors influencing the plasticity of Cu-based and Zr-based BMGs.
12:00 PM - **Z3.6
Length Scales in Deformation and Fracture of Amorphous Alloys.
Upadrasta Ramamurty 1
1 Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, KA, India
Show AbstractPlastic deformation and fracture in crystalline metals are associated with a hierarchy of structural features that can be categorized into different length scales on the basis of the extent of their operation. Connections between these, i.e. how processes at one length scales affects the next higher level one, etc. is well understood – qualitatively, if not quantitatively. In the context of amorphous alloys, while the consensus is emerging on the length scale of various operating mechanisms, the connections between various length scales, is yet to be agreed upon. For example, how the unitary processes of deformation, shear transformation zones, combine to form shear bands -the raison d être for inhomogeneous plasticity in metallic glasses at relatively low temperatures and high stresses – is not clear. At the meso/macro-scopic level, what controls the minimum spacing between shear bands or the sizes of plastic zones at the crack-tips is also an important question that is yet to be sorted out. These are the key issues not only from the scientific stand-point of view, but also from the technological perspective. For example, an excellent correlation was reported for the toughness and plastic zone in amorphous alloys, thus, if one knows ways and means of enhancing the plastic zone size ahead of a crack-tip, it will be possible to design very tough metallic glasses. In this presentation, I shall first review the length scales of various operating micromechanisms in metallic glasses. Then, I will present results of our recent efforts – experiments as well simulations – for understanding the connections between them. Finally, I shall enumerate questions that remain outstanding within the context of fracture of metallic glasses.
12:30 PM - Z3.7
Characteristic Dimensions of Metallic Glass Shear Band Thermal Profiles.
Dan Miracle 1 , Lindsay Greer 2 , Yi Zhang 2 , Alain (Reza) Yavari 3
1 Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, AF Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, United States, 2 Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Cambridge University, Cambridge United Kingdom, 3 SIMAP-LTPCM, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble France
Show AbstractThe characteristic dimensions of the thermal profile behind a moving shear band front are provided. Three distinct zones are identified: (1) a band about 10 nm thick and 0.5-2.5 μm wide within which intense mechanical shear produces significant heating; (2) a molten zone that is 0.3-0.6 μm thick and 30-160 μm wide; and (3) a softened volume heated above the glass transition temperature that is 0.7-2.5 μm thick and 140-1300 μm wide. The thicknesses of the heated zones are small, but the widths extend over structurally significant dimensions, so that size scale effects are anticipated for mechanical properties. Important differences exist between the 8 glasses considered here: Cu60Hf10Zr20Ti10, Cu46Zr46Al8, Ce70Al10(Ni10Cu10), (Fe52Cr4Mn10)Er1Mo12(B6C15), La55Al25(Co5Ni5Cu10), Mg65Y10Cu25, Pd40(Ni10Cu30)P20 and Zr41Ti14(Ni10Cu12.5)Be22.5 (Vitreloy 1). The thermal zone characteristic dimensions depend on 7 distinct material properties, but relationships exist between these properties so that the glass transition temperature, heat capacity, yield stress and shear band velocity exert the most important influence. Fracture toughness shows a modest correlation with the dimensions of the glassy zone. Order-of-magnitude estimates suggest that an important amount of deformation may result from shear within the supercooled liquid and molten zones.
12:45 PM - Z3.8
Change in Activation Volume for Plastic Deformation of Zr-based Bulk Metallic Glass following Annealing.
Jonathan Puthoff 1 , Donald Stone 2 1
1 Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
Show AbstractWe performed room-temperature nanoindentation creep experiments on a Zr54Cu38Al8 bulk metallic glass (BMG) in an effort to measure the scale of the individual deformation events responsible for plastic deformation. From a nanoindentation creep experiment we can determine V*, the activation volume, which we interpret as the volume of the shear transformation zone (STZ) multiplied by the shear strain undergone by the STZ during thermal activation. For the as-cast alloy we measured a hardness, H, of 5.0±0.1 GPa and V* = 0.098±0.007 nm3. Both V* and H are independent of load between 100 μN and 10,000 μN. We then annealed the alloy at 0.85Tg for 24 hr and retested. After annealing no measurable crystallization was detected. Following annealing, H increased to 7.4±0.1 GPa and V* increased to 0.18±0.02 nm3. We interpret the change in V* as arising from an increase in the number of atoms participating in the STZ. The change in V* is commensurate with a change in medium range order (MRO) in the glass, as shown by Hwang and Voyles on the same samples using fluctuation electron microscopy [1]. This work is supported by the NSF under award CMS-0528073.[1] J. Hwang and P.M. Voyles, this symposium; J. Hwang, J. B. Puthoff, H. Cao, Y. A. Chang, D. S. Stone, and P. M. Voyles, to be submitted.
Z4: Processing
Session Chairs
Nobuyuki Nishiyama
Jan Schroers
Tuesday PM, November 27, 2007
Room 202 (Hynes)
3:00 PM - **Z4.2
Nanoimprint of Metallic Glasses for Optical Applications and Patterned Media.
Yasunori Saotome 1 , Akihisa Inoue 2
1 Osaka Center for Industrial Materials Research, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan, 2 , Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
Show AbstractIn recent years, forming processes have been recognized as one of the most prominent methods for mass producing nanostructures with controlled quality and low cost. This nanoforming process has been called nanoimprinting. Viscous materials, such as thermoplastic materials and oxide glasses or photosensitive polymers, are usually used for the process. These materials are characterized as amorphous-structured materials. Metallic glasses have intrinsically amorphous structures and exhibit Newtonian viscous flow in the supercooled liquid state above glass transition temperature Tg. They are thus expected to be not only one of the most favorable materials for nanoforming or nanoimprinting but also superior structural and functional materials. This paper introduces a technique for fabricating nanostructures such as reflective interference optical components, a diffraction grating (1 micrometers interval), a hologram and a patterned media for high density data storage by superplastic nanoforging of metallic glass with nanoscale dies fabricated by focused ion beam (FIB), Si-process and by Ni-electroforming with master models fabricated by photolithography of the interference pattern(UV-LIGA process). FIB machining characteristics of glassy carbon and Zr-based metallic glass have been studied. FIB nanomachining of amorphous structure material is useful for fabricating nanostructured dies due to the isotropic homogeneity of their amorphous structure. Pt48.75Pd9.75Cu19.5P22 metallic glass was nanoforged using these dies. The thin foil specimens were heated in a small furnace and compressively loaded in a small vacuum chamber. The effects of contact angle between the working material and the die materials on nanoformability have been observed and should be considered in nanoforging or nanoimprinting. Zr-based metallic glass exhibited good die characteristics for superplastic nanoforging of Pt-based metallic glass. Dies and a die-forged 1-micrometer-diameter microgear and both 800- and 400-nanometer periodic nanostructures for optical applications are demonstrated. These fabrication methods are highly efficient for fabricating various nanodevices such as patterned media for high density data storage. The nano-formability and mechanical and magnetic properties of a Fe-based metallic glass are advantageous in the fabrication of patterned media.
3:30 PM - Z4.3
Thermoplastic Forming on the Nano/micro Scale using Bulk Metallic Glass.
Golden Kumar 1 , Philip Taff 1 , Jan Schroers 1
1 , Yale university, New haven, Connecticut, United States
Show AbstractIn this work we demonstrate that thermoplastic forming (TPF) of bulk metallic glass (BMG) can be used as a precision method to net-shape three-dimensional parts on a nano/micro scale. The TPF processing of BMGs is carried out in the supercooled liquid region where the viscosity falls steeply with increasing temperature enabling the BMGs to be processed like plastics. The processing is carried out in air at comparable pressure and temperatures that are used for plastics. A simple flow model suggests that feature sizes down to 10 nm can be replicated using BMGs. It will be shown that three-dimensional microstructures can be created and erased with BMGs using TPF and subsequent processing steps. This unique process allows the fabrication of various complex geometries with a high precision and smooth surface. The smooth surface is achieved in an additional processing step where surface tension alone is utilized to smoothen the roughness that originated form the roughness of the Si mold. The high precision, high surface finish parts can further be used as a die material for other BMGs and polymers with lower softening temperatures.
3:45 PM - Z4.4
Thermoplastic Forming of Nanoscale Trenches in a Zr-based Bulk Metallic Glass.
Brad Kinsey 1 , Kavic Rason 1
1 Mechanical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States
Show AbstractThermoplastic Forming (TPF) of Bulk Metallic Glasses (BMGs) has been demonstrated as a promising manufacturing process for micro and nanoscale components and systems. As feature sizes are reduced to the nanoscale, capillary pressures are a dominant factor in the success or failure of the TPF process. These capillary pressures are a direct result of the wetting behavior that exists at the interface between the high surface tension molten metal and the mold material. In order to investigate this effect, various mold materials were experimented with in an effort to alter the wetting behavior (and subsequent capillary effects) which tends to dominate the process at the nanoscale. Molds of varying sized trench features and drastically different dielectric properties were employed; Silicon (semiconductor), SiO2 (insulator), and SiO2 coated with gold (conductor). For the SiO2 and SiO2 coated with gold molds, the features varied from approximately 90nm to 340nm wide and 400 nm deep. For the Silicon molds, the trench features were approximately 370nm wide and 500nm deep. A Zirconium based BMG (Zr44Ti11Cu10Ni10Be25) was utilized exclusively in this research. The gold coated molds were expected to provide the best TPF performance; however, no improvement in performance was apparent in comparison to the SiO2 molds. This is presumably due to the fact that the applied layer of gold was too thin to mask the grossly anti-wetting interaction between the BMG and the underlying SiO2. For both of these SiO2 mold cases, features smaller than 500nm could not be replicated via TPF at the processing parameters utilized (i.e. 100 MPa of pressure, 450 C, and 35 seconds TPF processing time). This pressure was used as the mold began to fail in certain areas under this applied pressure. The temperature was selected since it is in the middle of the supercooled liquid state, and the processing time was set to 10% of the predicted crystallization time. Silicon molds offered considerably better performance under identical processing conditions. Aspect ratios of 1.25:1 (470nm depth by 370nm width) were achieved with the Silicon molds, which was the limit of the mold features. Future work will investigate alternative mold materials to further modify the wetting behavior between the BMG and mold materials and smaller features with higher aspect ratios will be attempted. Finally, a theoretical model has been developed to predict the achievable aspect ratio for various processing conditions. A key parameter in this model is the surface tension of the BMG in its supercooled liquid state. Values for the surface tension of the Zr-based BMG used in this research at selected temperatures within its supercooled liquid region were inferred from the geometry of experimentally formed features. The surface tension values deduced are, in general, one order of magnitude higher than that documented at the material’s liquidus temperature.
4:30 PM - Z4.5
Microscale Thermoplastic Forming of Bulk Metallic Glasses.
David Henann 1 , Lallit Anand 1
1 Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractThe unique mechanical properties of metallic glasses combined with their intrinsic homogeneity to the nanoscale (due to the absence of grain boundaries) make them ideal materials to replace silicon in the manufacture of nano/micro-scale component for certain MEMS applications. Thermoplastic forming of metallic glasses, in which the material is formed at temperatures above the glass transition, is a promising process for the manufacture of such components. In this work we (i) experimentally study the homogeneous deformation behavior of a Zr-based metallic glass alloy, Vitreloy 1b, at temperatures ranging from slightly below, to well above the glass transition temperature of the material through a series of isothermal compression experiments; (ii) formulate an elastic-viscoplastic constitutive model describing this behavior; and (iii) implement the constitutive model in a three-dimensional finite element program to be used for the simulation of hot thermoplastic forming processes. The constitutive equations appearing in the theory are specialized to the temperature range spanning from 0.9 Tg to well above the glass transition, and in the range of quasi-static strain rates [10e−4, 10e−2] 1/s. The model is shown to capture the major features of the strain-rate and temperature dependent behavior, especially the transition from non-Newtonian to Newtonian behavior, as well as specific features of the stress-strain response, including the phenomena of stress overshoot and strain softening in monotonic compression experiments. The parameters appearing in the model are estimated from the experimental data for Vitreloy 1b. The finite element capability employing the constitutive model is used to study the deformation response of Vitreloy 1b under a representative thermoplastic forming processes, specifically, the manufacture of micro-patterned metallic glass tools to be used for hot-embossing polymeric substrates. Aspects of results from the numerical simulations are compared against corresponding experiments to validate the process simulation capability.
4:45 PM - Z4.6
Thermoplastic Forming of Metallic Glasses: the Case of Injection Molding.
Aaron Wiest 1 , Marios Demetriou 1 , Gang Duan 1 , Landon Wiest 3 , John Harmon 1 , Robert Conner 1 2 , William Johnson 1
1 Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States, 3 Chemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States, 2 MSEM, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California, United States
Show AbstractOwing to their tendency to soften upon relaxation at the glass transition, metallic glasses have long been thought to be capable of being formed thermoplastically using methods similar to those employed in the processing of polymers [1]. Ideally, a plastically processable metallic glass should possess a viscosity at the processing temperature that is low enough to allow forming at pressures attainable via standard thermoplastic processing apparatuses. The viscosities available for plastic processing a metallic glass are bounded above by the glass transition temperature, Tg, and below by the crystallization temperature, Tx. Low processing viscosity is achieved by a combination of large thermal stability, ΔT = Tx-Tg, and a steep viscosity temperature dependence in the vicinity of the glass transition, known as liquid fragility m.Zr-Ti-based Be-bearing metallic glasses previously designed for large glass forming ability [2] are now optimized for high ΔT and high m in an aim to explore their thermoplastic forming capabilities. New alloy compositions from this family which exhibit ΔT values in excess of 160C and m values as high as 60 will be presented. Viscosities on the order of 10^4 Pa-s are available with a processing time of~100s. A “figure of merit” parameter derived rigorously from accurate rheological laws [3] suggests that these newly optimized glasses possess a thermoplastic forming capability superior to all metallic glass compositions known to date. Simple constant-heating-rate squishing experiments performed in the supercooled liquid state for various highly processable glasses reveal that the newly developed glasses are indeed capable of undergoing higher strains prior to crystallization, thereby verifying their superior thermoplastic formability.The ability of these newly optimized glasses to be injection molded has been explored. Injection molded parts processed in the temperature region between Tg and Tx will be presented. The mechanical properties of the molded parts were compared to die cast parts of the same dimension and material in three point bending. The rupture modulus of injection molded and die cast specimens was found to be equal to within statistical error, but the standard deviation of rupture modulus for die cast specimens was found to be 3 times greater than for injection molded specimens. Weibull analysis of the data shows injection molded beams to be much more reliable than die cast beams, suggesting that injection molding gives rise to fewer critical defects. This improvement in part quality is attributed to the viscous flow conditions dominating the injection molding process, giving rise to stable and homogeneous flow which minimizes the production of defects and porosity.[1] W. L. Johnson, JOM. 54/3, 40 (2002).[2] A. Peker and W. L. Johnson, APL. 63, 2342 (1993).[3] M. D. Demetriou, J. S. Harmon, M. Tao, G. Duan, K. Samwer and W. L. Johnson, PRL. 97, 065502 (2006).
5:00 PM - Z4.7
Blow-molding with Bulk Metallic Glass.
Jan Schroers 1 , Adam Bouland 1 , David Knox 2 , Robert Fers 3 , David Henann 1
1 Mechanical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 2 Mechanical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, 3 Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractThe low viscosity that can be accessed for a bulk metallic glass (BMG) in its supercooled liquid region permits forming pressures that can be created with the force exerted by the human lung alone. We used this property for blow-molding of BMG. The absence of external friction during the initial stages of forming allows large forming tangential strains. A simple model suggests strains of up to 10,000% are achievable under suitable processing conditions. The influence of the processing parameters such as temperature, time, and pressure on the achievable strain, strain rate, and minimal feature size that can be replicated are investigated. The results are compared with finite element modeling predictions. Expansion is also carried out against a mold. It was found that complex geometries with micron size features can be precisely replicated. The use of blow-molding of BMG as a precision multi-scale net-shape process will be discussed.
5:15 PM - Z4.8
Novel Thermoplastic Joining Processes using Bulk Metallic Glasses.
Boonrat Lohwongwatana 4 , Jin-yoo Suh 1 , Robert Conner 2 , William Johnson 1 , Daewoong Suh 3
4 Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok Thailand, 1 Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States, 2 Manufacturing Systems Engineering and Management, California State University Northridge , Northridge, California, United States, 3 , Intel Corporation, Chandler, Arizona, United States
Show Abstract5:30 PM - Z4.9
Solid State Joining of a Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass.
Nicholas Hutchinson 1 , Justin Bennett 1 , Kathy Flores 1
1 Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
Show AbstractBulk metallic glasses have excellent mechanical properties, including exceptionally high strength, high toughness, and low damping, which make them well suited for structural applications. A significant barrier to expanding the use of metallic glasses is a lack of well characterized manufacturing processes, particularly joining techniques to create large scale or complex shaped components. The present work focuses on the characterization and optimization of a solid state electro-thermomechanical joining technique [1]. Modified half dog-bone specimens are joined using a Gleeble thermo-mechanical test frame, which resistively heats the specimen into the supercooled liquid regime while simultaneously applying a compressive stress. This results in homogeneous flow at the interface to be joined. An advantage of this approach is that the surroundings remain at close to ambient temperature, enabling rapid cooling of the interface when the current is removed. The effectiveness of the joining process and changes in microstructure at the joint are characterized as functions of temperature, applied stress or strain rate, and the initial surface roughness. The results of these experiments will be discussed in light of other potential joining techniques.1.A.R. Yavari, M.F. de Oliveira and W.J. Botta Filho. “Shaping of bulk metallic glasses by simultaneous application of electrical current and low stress”. Supercooled Liquid, Bulk Glassy and Nanocrystalline States of Alloys. 2000. Boston, MA: Materials Research Society.
5:45 PM - Z4.10
Consolidation of Zr- and Hf-based Amorphous Metal Matrix Composites by Equal Channel Angular Extrusion.
Suveen Mathaudhu 1 , Laszlo Kecskes 1 , K. Hartwig 2
1 , U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States, 2 Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States
Show AbstractBulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have displayed impressive mechanical properties, but the use and dimensions of material have been limited due to critical cooling rate requirements and low ductility. The application of severe plastic deformation by equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) for consolidation of BMGs and metallic glass matrix composites (MGMC) is investigated. BMGs and MGMCs are produced via ECAE consolidation of low-density zirconium or high-density hafnium based BMGs, and BMG powders blended with crystalline powders of W, Cu, or Ni. Novel instrumented extrusions and a host of material characterization techniques were used to evaluate the effect of processing conditions on material properties. The results show that ECAE consolidation at temperatures within the supercooled liquid region gives near fully dense (>99%) and well-bonded millimeter-scale BMGs and MGMCs. The mechanical properties of the ECAE-processed BMG are comparable to properties of those prepared by casting. In contrast, the mechanical properties of ECAE-processed MGMCs are substandard compared to those obtained from melt-infiltrated composites due to non-ideal particle bonding conditions such as surface oxides and crystalline phase morphology and chemistry. It is demonstrated that addition of a dispersed crystalline phase to an amorphous matrix by ECAE powder consolidation increases plasticity of the amorphous matrix by providing locations for generation and/or arrest of adiabatic shear bands. The ability of ECAE to consolidate BMGs and MGMCs with improved plasticity opens the possibility of overcoming size and plasticity limitations of monolithic BMGs.
Z5: Poster Session I
Session Chairs
Wednesday AM, November 28, 2007
Exhibition Hall D (Hynes)
9:00 PM - Z5.1
Experimental Observations on the Failure Mechanisms in a Bulk Metallic Glass Composite.
Ashraf Bastawros 1 , Hui Wang 1 , Bulent Biner 3 1
1 Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States, 3 , Ames National Laboratory, Ames, Iowa, United States
Show Abstract9:00 PM - Z5.10
Structural Evaluation in Zr15Al5Ni57Y23 Bulk Metallic Glass Under High Pressure.
Gong Li 1
1 , Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao China
Show Abstract9:00 PM - Z5.11
Bulk Metallic Glass/metallic Glass Composite Prepared by Mechanical Alloying and Vacuum Hot-pressing.
Yu-Wei Lin 1 , Chih-Feng Hsu 1 , Hong- Ming Lin 2 , Pee-Yew Lee 1
1 Institute of Materials Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung Taiwan, 2 Department of Materials Engineering, Tatung University, Taipei Taiwan
Show Abstract9:00 PM - Z5.12
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of FeCrMoVC and FeCrMoVNbWC.
Uta Kuehn 1 , Norbert Mattern 1 , Thomas Gemming 1 , Katarzyna Werniewicz 1 3 , Uwe Siegel 1 , Juergen Eckert 1 2
1 ICM, Leibniz-IFW, Dresden Germany, 3 Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw Poland, 2 Institute of Materials Science, TU Dresden , Dresden Germany
Show AbstractWe report about phase formation and mechanical behavior of the steel compositions Fe84.3Cr4.3Mo4.6V2.2C4.6 and Fe85.4Cr3.2Mo1.8V2.2Nb1.8W0.9C4.7 subjected to preparation conditions typically used for fabrication of bulk metallic glasses, i.e. relatively high cooling rate and pure chemical components. Thermodynamical aspects and kinetic limitations on the specific solidification process of phase formation, particularly those, which are strongly dominated by diffusion controlled mechanisms, promote the formation of nonequilibrium phases, such as martensite and complex carbide structures already in the as-prepared state. Composition profiles measured by EELS and EDX show that the chemical composition frequently changes within a short distance, indicating the formation of different very finely dispersed phases, which yields material with highly desirable mechanical properties, such as an ultimate engineering compression strength of more than 4000 MPa favourably combined with a fracture strain of more than 10 %.
9:00 PM - Z5.13
Point Defects, Recovery Kinetics and Ordering in Irradiated Bulk Metallic Glasses.
Yuri Petrusenko 1 , Alexandr Bakai 1 , Valeriy Borysenko 1 , Dmitro Barankov 1 , Oleksandr Astakhov 1 , Michael-Peter Macht 2
1 , National Science Center "Kharkov Institute of Physics & Technology" , Kharkov Ukraine, 2 , Hahn-Meitner-Institut, Berlin Germany
Show AbstractThe problem of the structure properties and structure defects of amorphous solids has still a vital importance. E.g., free volume is usually assumed to be a key structural parameter which controls mechanical and diffusion property of metallic glasses (MG) while vacancies are believed to be unstable there, as some computer simulations show. From the other hand, in polycluster amorphous solids vacancies are stable point defects at least within the locally ordered cluster body. To make clear whether stable point defects exist in MG or not, we have study the accumulation and recovery kinetics of radiation defects in ZrTiCuNiBe and ZrTiCuNiAl bulk MGs irradiated with 2.5 MeV electrons at T~80K. The electrical resistance measurements of the irradiated samples were performed.It is revealed that for the MGs of both compositions the radiation-induced resistance ΔR, linearly depends of the dose but for the Be–containing glass this value increases with dose D, while for MG without Be it decreases. These dependencies ΔR(D) are attributed to both stable point defects generation and changes of the short-range order. For the decrease of resistance the short-range ordering is responsible. This effect, as it occurs, is sensitive to the MG composition.The recovery spectrum of irradiation-induced electrical resistance was obtained for the temperature region 85 –300K. The most important result of the recovery experiments is that they clearly show the annealing stages for the irradiated samples. Two annealing peaks located at T~150K and T~225K are resolved for ZrTiCuNiBe glass. Similar peaks are revealed also for ZrTiCuNiAl but in this case the first peak is located at ~130 K and the second one is at 225K too. From these data one can conclude, that the defects mobility is thermally activated process and that the activation energy is not as large as that for vacancies in crystalline alloys. Thus the data obtained testify in favor of the structure with “perfect” local ordering of atoms. It should be noted that this property is a basic in formulation of the polycluster model of amorphous solids.
9:00 PM - Z5.14
Shear Band Evolution in a Bulk Metallic Glass during Cylindrical Indentation.
Antonia Antoniou 1 , Hui Wang 2 , Ashraf Bastawros 2
1 Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States, 2 Aerospace Engineering , Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
Show AbstractCylindrical indentation provides a stable loading path for in situ monitoring of shear band nucleation, propagation and interaction in Vitreloy-1. The deformation zones from various size indenters were found to be self similar. Beneath each indent multiple shear bands form. The observed shear band patterns are found to compare well with traces of plane strain slip lines for a pressure sensitive material. Both the shear band spacing and angle are monitored with loading for the different radii tested. Within the front of the process zone, the shear bands intersect at an included angle of 78°- 80°, indicating a strong pressure sensitivity of the tested BMG. However, another set of bands that form at a later stage intersect at a higher included angle of 87°. The shear band spacing revealed a consistent dependence on the level of the local homogenous deformation. This indicates that the shear band formation is a bifurcation from the homogeneous deformation path to reduce the local strain energy density. Finally, digital image correlation is used to analyze the in-plane strain fields. The amount of homogeneous deformation prior to localization is measured.
9:00 PM - Z5.15
Temperature and Strain-rate Dependence of Deformation Kinetics in Zr-based Bulk Metallic Glasses.
Alban Dubach 1 , Florian Dalla Torre 1 , Joerg Loeffler 1
1 Laboratory of Metal Physics and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich Switzerland
Show AbstractDeformation and flow in crystalline materials is nowadays well understood and is generally explained in terms of the underlying dislocation dynamics. Establishing a corresponding formalism for disordered systems, however, is intrinsically more complicated, and is a hotly-debated major research topic. Disordered systems also include metallic glasses, which usually exhibit excellent strength and elasticity, but unfortunately suffer from low ductility at room temperature due to the formation of highly-localized shear bands.In this study, detailed micromechanical analysis of Zr-based bulk metallic glasses, which even at room temperature exhibit considerable compressive strain, was carried out over a wide range of temperatures (77 to 673 K) and strain rates (3×10-5 to 0.3 s-1) [1, 2]. With regard to inhomogeneous flow kinetics, the temporal and spatial characteristics of shearing were investigated in the context of the resulting information and compared with the ex-situ appearance of shear bands on the sample surface (measured by HR-SEM and laser profilometry). Our results show that serrated flow, typically observed at room temperature, disappears below a critical temperature or above a critical strain rate. Although the deformation remains spatially confined, the disappearance of serrated flow correlates with a change in the strain rate sensitivity from negative to positive values, which indicates a change in the micromechanism of flow. Thus, despite the absence of a dislocation-based deformation mechanism amorphous metals show a serrated flow behavior that has close phenomenological similarities with the dynamic strain aging effect known for crystalline metals. Based on our experimental findings we present a constitutive model which describes the deformation behavior according to a thermally activated (cooperative) motion of shear transformation zones and adjacent, diffusive structural relaxation processes in the distorted structure.[1] F. H. Dalla Torre, A. Dubach, M. E. Siegrist, J. F. Löffler, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 091918 (2006).[2] A. Dubach, F. H. Dalla Torre, J. F. Löffler, ‘Deformation kinetics in Zr-based bulk metallic glasses and its dependence on temperature and strain rate sensitivity’, Phil. Mag. Lett. (in press).
9:00 PM - Z5.16
Liquid State / Solid State Phase Separation in Metallic Glasses.
Byung Joo Park 1 , Sung Woo Sohn 1 , Hee Tae Jeong 2 , Won Tae Kim 3 , Do Hyang Kim 1
1 Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul Korea (the Republic of), 2 BK21 division of humantronics information materials, Yonsei University, Seoul Korea (the Republic of), 3 Applied Science Division, Chongju University, Chongju Korea (the Republic of)
Show AbstractMicrostructural evolution during rapid solidification of Ti-Y-Al-Co, Zr-Y-Al-Co metallic glass system has been studied by using transmission electron microscopy. Ti-Y-Al-Co alloys undergo metastable liquid phase separation in the undercooled liquid state and subsequently solidify into two different Y-rich and Ti-rich amorphous phases. The separated structure varies from inter-connected structure to uniformly distributed droplet structure in a major phase depending on the relative volume fraction of each phase. Zr-Y-Al-Co alloy which was monolithic amorphous phase is decomposed into Zr rich and Y rich amorphous phases in solid state by heat treatment under glass transition temperature. The results of the dynamic mechanical measurements shows two types of low temperature relaxation behaviors and each corresponds to the relaxations of monolithic amorphous phase and two, Zr-rich and Y-rich separated amorphous phases, respectively.
9:00 PM - Z5.17
Correlation Between Fragility and Glass Forming Ability of Metallic Alloys.
Oleg Senkov 1
1 Materials and Processes Division, UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio, United States
Show AbstractAnalysis of the relaxation time of the glass forming liquids at near liquidus temperatures was conducted, correlation between the critical cooling rate for glass formation, fragility of the glass forming liquid and reduced glass transition temperature was identified, and a new glass forming ability (GFA) parameter was proposed. This new GFA parameter, which increases with a decrease in the critical cooling rate, is a function of the reduced glass transition temperature Trg and a fragility index m, and it varies from ~0 in the case of extremely fragile liquid to 2Trg/(1+Trg) in the case of extremely strong liquid. An exponential relationship between the critical cooling rate for glass formation and the new GFA parameter was identified and verified using available experimental data for metallic and non-metallic glasses.
9:00 PM - Z5.18
Effects of Microalloying with 3d Transition Metals on Glass Formation in AlYFe Alloys.
K. Spence 1 3 , A. Gangopadhyay 1 3 , Z. Marine 1 , T. Kim 1 , Anindita Mukhopadhyay 2 3 , A. Goldman 4 5 , William Buhro 2 3 , K. Kelton 1 3 , A. Sadoc 6
1 Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States, 3 Center for Materials Innovation, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States, 2 Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States, 4 , Ames Laboratory, USDOE, Ames, Iowa, United States, 5 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States, 6 LPMS, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Cergy-Pontoise France
Show AbstractWe demonstrated recently that while rapidly-quenched ribbons of Al88Y7Fe5 show glass-like x-ray and transmission-electron-microscopy (TEM) diffraction patterns, they neither show a glass transition nor the expected nucleation and growth peak in isothermal DSC studies. However, the substitution of only 0.5 at.% of the Al by Ti produces a rapidly-quenched ribbon with a glass transition temperature and a nucleation and growth peak in isothermal DSC. Further, microalloying with V at a similar composition gives a new metallic glass with among the largest known supercooled liquid regions for Al-based glasses (ΔT = 80 °C). Here, microalloying with any of the 3d transition metal elements is shown to improve glass stability, but to different degrees; the most effective element is Cr. Primary crystallization is to α-Al for microadditions of the early transition metals Ti, V, Cr, and the late transition metals Co, Ni and Cu. For Mn and Fe, an intermetallic phase forms first; the sharp differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) peak indicates that this phase is closer in composition to the original glass. High-q x-ray diffraction studies and EXAFS measurements made on Al88Y7Fe5 and Al87.5Y7Fe5Ti0.5 show that the microaddition induces structural changes in the liquid/glass structure. The induced short-range order (SRO) differs from that of the primary crystallizing α-Al phase, raising the nucleation barrier; the ordering also changes the atomic mobility in the glass. The SRO is likely similar to that of crystallizing metastable intermetallic compound phases that emerge with microalloying. These points are discussed and preliminary TTT diagrams that reflect DSC measurements of the change in devitrification pathway with microalloying are presented. -Supported by the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research under contract FA9550-05-1-0110 and the National Science Foundation under grant DMR-06-06065.
9:00 PM - Z5.19
Rapidly Quenched Al88Y7Fe5 - Glass or Nanocrystal?
L. Longstreth-Spoor 1 2 , N. Mauro 1 , Debajit Saha 1 , M. Miller 3 , K. Kelton 1 2
1 Physics, Washinton University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States, 2 Center for Material Innovation, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States, 3 Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States
Show AbstractThe structural nature of Al88Y7Fe5, a widely studied Al-based rapidly-quenched alloy, is unclear. X-ray and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) diffraction patterns from the as-quenched samples are characteristic of an amorphous material, showing no evidence for crystal diffraction peaks; also, no precipitates are observed in the TEM bright-field images. An exothermic peak is observed in nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements, consistent with glass devitrification to α-Al. Our recent measurements of the changes in electrical resistivity with annealing time show a sigmoidal transformation curve that is also characteristic of glass crystallization. Finally, our TEM measurements show an initial increase in the number of nanocrystals of α-Al with increased isothermal annealing time, suggesting crystal nucleation from the glass. However, DSC nonisothermal scans show no evidence for a glass transition and isothermal DSC studies show a monotonic decrease in the rate of heat evolved with annealing time. The isothermal DSC signature is generally taken to reflect grain coarsening, suggesting that the as-quenched alloys are actually amorphous/nanocrystal composites with such a small crystal grain size that it is undetectable in x-ray or TEM studies. Theoretical studies are also inconclusive. When long-range diffusion during nucleation and growth is taken into account, the predicted DSC peak can occur at such short times as to be hidden by the instrumental transient time, mimicking the monotonic character of the DSC isothermal data. While the increase in nanocrystal density would seem to reflect a nucleation process, this can also be obtained from coarsening calculations based on the LSW theory. To resolve this issue, we present local electrode atom probe (LEAP) measurements of rapidly quenched Al88Y7Fe5 alloys. Based on initial LEAP measurements, the as-quenched alloy is not amorphous but nanocrystalline. *Supported by the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research under contract FA9550-05-1-0110 and the National Science Foundation under grant DMR-06-06065.
9:00 PM - Z5.2
Fabrication of Titanate Nano-mesh on (Ti-Zr-Cu-Pd)Ca Bulk Glassy Alloy by Hydrothermal-Electrochemical Technique.
Naota Sugiyama 1 , HaiYan Xu 1 , Tomoaki Watanabe 1 , Nobuhiro Matsushita 1 , Xinmin Wang 2 , Mikio Fukuhara 2 , Akihisa Inoue 2 , Tsukamoto Masahiro 3 , Nobuyuki Abe 3 , Yuichi Komizo 3 , Takamasa Onoki 1 , Yasuto Hoshikawa 1 , Masahiro Yoshimura 1
1 Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama Japan, 2 Institute of Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai Japan, 3 Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Osaka Japan
Show AbstractA series of Ti-based bulk glassy alloys have been extensively studied in recent years due to their excellent mechanical properties like low Young’s modulus and high elastic limit. It is however known that those alloys contain some toxic elements, such as Ni, Al and Be that provide high glass-forming ability. The presence of those toxic elements may restrict their biomedical applications like load bearing dental and orthopedic implants. Recently, Wang et al. have developed Ti-based bulk glassy alloys without any toxic elements1). Those alloys, however, may not be joined directly to human bone because of their high stability and bio-inertness. To enhance the bioactivity ,i.e. bone bonding ability of Ti based implants, various coating techniques have been developed such as plasma spray process, CVD, and micro-arc oxidation. However, those synthetic techniques requires high temperature and/or high vacuum that may cause not only cracks in the fabricated films during cooling process, but also the degradation of excellent mechanical properties of bulk glassy alloys. We have, therefore, developped the hydrothermal-electrochemical method as a low temperature and crack free method to prepare titanate coating on Ti metal and Ti alloy . This method is believed one of the most suitable one for the preparation of bioactive ceramics coatings because no toxic species are employed even in the solution in the process. In the present study, we fabricated bio-active titanate layer on (Ti-Zr-Cu-Pd)Ca bulk glassy alloy, which have excellent mechanical properties, to give the biocompatibility such as appetite-inducing ability. Titanate layers were prepared on these specimens by the hydrothermal-electrochemical treatment at 363K for 2 hours in aqueous solutions of NaOH (1-5N) as an electrolyte. A constant electric current of 0.5 mA/cm2 was applied between (Ti-Zr-Cu-Pd)Ca as an anode (dimension of 10×5×0.07 mm3) and Pt electrode as a cathode. After hydrothermal-electrochemical treatments, the specimens were removed from the aqueous solution, washed with distilled water and then dried. The phase of the produced layers were analyzed by X-Ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The surface morphology of the produced layers was observed by scanning electron microscopy. These evaluations revealed that titanate nano-mesh were fabricated on (Ti-Zr-Cu-Pd)Ca bulk metallic glass. The nano-mesh layer consisted of nano-wires of 20 nm in diameter. Thickness of titanate nano-mesh from 150 nm to 1 um with increasing NaOH concentration in the solution. The immersion test in SBF (simulated body fluid) revealed that the titanate nano-mesh induced the growth of bone like hydroxyapatite confirming the bioactivity of the titanate Nano-mesh prepared on the (Ti-Zr-Cu-Pd)Ca alloy. This study will open a new era for non-toxic bulk glassy alloys (Ti-Zr-Cu-Pd)Ca for medical application by giving bioactivities to bulk metallic glass(s).1) MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 48 (3): 515-518 MAR 2007
9:00 PM - Z5.20
Phase Separation in Amorphous Metallic Alloys.
Norbert Mattern 1 , Guenter Goerigk 1 , Juergen Eckert 1
1 , IFW Dresden, Dresden Germany
Show AbstractPhase separation in metallic glasses occurs in alloy systems consisting of element combinations having strong positive enthalpy of mixing. These heterogeneities by the addition of corresponding elements may increase the ductility of bulk metallic glasses. Here, we report the influence of additions of Y and Gd on the microstructure and thermal stability of amorphous Cu-Zr alloys. The structure was analyzed by high energy X-ray diffraction, anomalous small angle X-ray scattering (ASAXS) and transmission electron microscopy. The ASAXS results will be compared with corresponding measurements of phase separated amorphous Ni-Nb-Y alloys. The role of thermodynamic properties on phase separation of metallic glasses will be discussed.
9:00 PM - Z5.21
Electronic Structure and Stability of the Pd-Ni-Cu-P Metallic Glasses.
Daisuke Fukamaki 2 , Tsunehiro Takeuchi 7 1 2 , Kazuo Soda 3 , Masashi Hasegawa 4 , Uichiro Mizutani 5 , Hirokazu Sato 6
2 Applied Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan, 7 Eco Topia Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan, 1 Crystalline Materials Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan, 3 Quantum Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan, 4 Materials Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan, 5 , Toyota Physical and Chemical Research, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan, 6 Physics, Aichi University of Education, Kariya, Aichi, Japan
Show AbstractTrigonal prism clusters with a phosphorus atom in the center are known to exist in Pd-Ni-P metallic glass as a unique structure unit. In the relevant crystals stabilizing in the vicinity of the composition where the metallic glass is obtained, the local atomic arrangements about a phosphorus atom are characterized by the trigonal prism cluster in the same manner as those in the corresponding metallic glasses. By calculating cluster levels, we found that all the electrons in the (Pd, Ni)9P trigonal cluster fill the bonding and non-bonding states, while the anti-bonding states remain completely vacant. This condition leads to highly stable nature of the trigonal prism cluster to play the role of the structure unit of metallic glass and the relevant crystals. One may expect that a partial substitution of Cu for Ni in the Pd-Ni-P metallic glass would increase the Fermi level towards higher energies where the anti-bonding states exist and destabilize the metallic glasses consisting of the trigonal prism clusters. Surprisingly, however, the Pd42.5Ni7.5Cu30P20 metallic glass, which is obtained by the partial substitution of Cu for Ni in the Pd42.5Ni37.5P20 metallic glass, becomes more stable to be widely known as one of the most stable metallic glasses ever discovered. In order to reveal the stabilization mechanism of the Pd42.5Ni7.5Cu30P20 metallic glass, we investigated the electronic structure and the local atomic arrangements by making full use of the relevant crystals, such as Ni2P, Cu2P, and Co2P. We found, as a consequence of the structure analyses on the relevant crystals, that the Cu3P has a characteristic local atomic structure that is fairly different from the ordinary trigonal prism cluster in the Pd-Ni-P metallic glasses. This fact suggests that the Cu atoms provide a variety in the local atomic arrangements in the Pd42.5Ni7.5Cu30P20 metallic glass. It is, therefore, argued that even though the internal energy is slightly increased by the increased electron concentration induced by Cu, the large variety in the local atomic arrangements would reduce the free-energy of metallic glass by significantly increasing the entropy. In the presentation, possible variations in cluster-shapes and inter-cluster connections in the Pd42.5Ni7.5Cu30P20 metallic glass are discussed in terms of electronic structure.
9:00 PM - Z5.22
Micro-scale Medical Device Components from Metallic Glasses.
Cormac Byrne 1 , John Wert 1 , Morten Eldrup 1 , Thorbjorn Andersen 1 , Allan Schroeder Pedersen 1
1 Materials Research, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde Denmark
Show AbstractMuch of the work on BMGs over the past decade has focused on identifying good glass-forming alloys which allow the production of sections with increasingly larger dimensions. Scaling down of nominally sized BMGs to produce functional components with features at length scales which cannot be easily obtained using crystalline metals, also has commercial appeal. Risø National Laboratory collaborates with several Danish companies and research institutes in a consortium known as MIKROMETAL, which aims to produce functional, micro-scale, medical device components. The consortium’s work encompasses all aspect of product design, from material selection through production process design. An example of the use of these components is in hearing aids. At Risø we focus on the shaping a small number of metallic glass alloys into thin walled sections, tubes, coils and springs. Techniques include pressing, extrusion, surface patterning and creep-forming in the supercooled liquid regime. The challenges involved in understanding the processing science, while effectively delivering prototype components to the industrial partners, will be discussed. Results of mechanical testing and processing studies, particularly related to the ductile-brittle transition during forming of components in the supercooled liquid regime, will be shown.
9:00 PM - Z5.3
Deformation Behavior and the Structural Changes of a Zr-based Bulk Metallic Glass.
Ashwini Bharathula 1 , Benjamin Peterson 1 , Katharine Flores 1
1 Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
Show AbstractBulk metallic glasses have significant potential as structural materials due to their exceptional mechanical properties. However, accelerating the evolution of these alloys from concept to application demands a detailed understanding of the relationship between the glass structure and deformation mechanisms. In the present work, we examine the structural changes associated with homogeneous deformation of a Zr58.5Cu15.6Ni12.8Al10.3Nb2.8 (nominal at%) bulk metallic glass. An electro-thermomechanical test frame takes advantage of Joule heating to rapidly heat and cool the specimen, and is used to characterize the flow behavior over a range of temperatures (300-450oC) and strain rates (0.0001 to 100 s-1). The deformed specimens and failure surfaces are examined using high resolution SEM, and changes to the glass structure associated with homogeneous flow are characterized via DSC and TEM. In addition to the conventional TEM foils, the use of the Focused Ion Beam (FIB) to obtain site-specific foils is investigated. Experimental homogeneous flow results for this complex alloy will be discussed in light of a related molecular dynamics study of deformation in a simpler binary glass.
9:00 PM - Z5.4
Nanometer-scale Structural Relaxation in Zr-based Bulk Metallic Glass.
Jinwoo Hwang 1 , Paul Voyles 1
1 Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
Show AbstractWe have studied the nanometer-scale structure and relaxation of Zr54Cu38Al8 bulk metallic glass (BMG) using fluctuation electron microscopy (FEM). FEM measures diffraction from medium range order (MRO) in glassy materials using nanometer-resolution dark field imaging in a TEM. Our FEM experiments show that the as-cast BMG contains significant MRO at a length scale of 1.5 nm. That MRO was reduced by structural relaxation induced by annealing at 0.85Tg for 24 hours, meaning that the structure became more homogeneous at the nanometer scale. There was no measurable relaxation-induced change in short range order observed by electron diffraction. These results imply that structural relaxation involves rearrangement of atoms at nanometer length scales, not just annihilation of atom-sized free volume. BMG structural models involving various MRO clusters derived by hand and from reverse Monte Carlo modeling will be discussed. On these same samples, Puthoff and Stone have found a large change in the activation volume of plastic deformation using variable-rate nanoindentation [1], which may be connected to the change in MRO. This work is support by the NSF under award CMS-0528073.[1] J. Puthoff and D. S. Stone, this symposium; J. Hwang, J. Puthoff, H. Cao, Y. A. Chang, D. S. Stone, and P. M. Voyles, to be submitted.
9:00 PM - Z5.5
Medium-range Order in Zr-based Metallic Glasses Probed by Matching Fluctuation Electron Microscopy to Simulations from Pheonomenological Atomic Models.
Amelia Liu 1 , Shashishekara Adiga 1 , Dean Miller 1 , Daniel Sordelet 2
1 Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States, 2 Materials and Engineering Physics, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa, United States
Show AbstractThe character of the medium-range atomic order (MRO) in binary Zr-based melt-spun glasses is investigated using fluctuation electron microscopy (FEM) and simulations generated using phenomenological atomic models. Such simple two-component glasses present ideal systems for identifying structures in metallic glasses that may influence the properties and behaviors of more stable bulk compositions. For example, initial devitrification to the metastable quasi-crystalline (I) phase or to the equilibrium phase is a sensitive function of the method of preparation and the exact glass composition.[1] FEM measures the variance in the scattered electron intensity, V, as a function of the wavevector, k, and is sensitive to MRO.[2] The size and position of features in the V(k) graph gives a strong fingerprint of the degree and character of the MRO present in the amorphous material.[2] Here we simulate the V(k) from small atomic clusters using an extension of the Debye scattering equation[3] and compare such simulations to experimental curves from melt-spun Zr70Pd30. We simulate the V(k) from the Zr-centered icosahedron and the Pd-centred tri-capped trigonal prism that have been identified from reverse Monte Carlo fits to electron diffraction data as principle components of the short-medium range order in the as-spun glass[4]. Such coordination polyhedra arise due to the large undercooling of the material and also the large negative heats of mixing between the constituents, respectively. We also simulate the V(k) from small (1.2 nm) clusters containing the order of the equilibrium C11b phase of Zr2Pd and the “big cube” NiTi2 structure. The “big cube” structure fulfills some of the requirements to be an approximant to the I-phase for this system as it contains some 12-fold coordinated clusters, but lacks the overall icosahedral symmetry of the actual I-phase.[5]Our study suggests that the isolated coordination polyhedra do not account for all the atomic correlations detected in the material from FEM. There is also little evidence for underlying order of the equilibrium C11b phase. The simulated V(k) from the “big cube” structure provides a better match to the experimental curve. This may be evidence for pre-cursor structures to the I-phase quenched in from the melt, providing a structural basis for the initial crystallization to the I-phase.[1] D. J. Sordelet, R. T. Ott, M. Z. Li, S. Y. Wang, C. Z. Wang, M. F. Besser, A. C. Y. Liu and M. J. Kramer. Met. Mat. Trans. A. submitted[2] M. M. J. Treacy, J. M. Gibson, L. Fan, D. J. Paterson and I. McNulty. Rep. Prog. Phys., 68, 2899, (2005)[3] W. E. McBride, D. R. McKenzie, D. G. McCulloch, D. J. H. Cockayne and T. C. Petersen. J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 52, 257, (2005)[4] T. Takagi, T. Ohkubu, Y. Hirotsu, B. S. Murty, K. Hono and D. Shindo. Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 485, (2001)[5] J. R. Morris, M. Xu, Y. Y. Ye, D. J. Sordelet and M. J. Kramer. Acta Mat. submitted
9:00 PM - Z5.6
Stress Gradient Induced Compressive Plasticity in a Malleable Bulk Metallic Glass.
WenFei Wu 1 , ChunYu Zhang 1 , YongWei Zhang 1 , Yi Li 1
1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore
Show AbstractThe authors report a strong geometry dependence of compressive plasticity in a malleable Zr-based bulk metallic glass (BMG). With normal orthogonal geometry, the Zr-based BMG typically fractured with a plastic strain less than 2%. However, by slightly modifying the sample geometry, an apparent large compressive plasticity (>10%) was achieved. Our further finite element analysis (FEA) based on the free volume model has shown a good agreement with experimental observations. It has been revealed that the subtle geometry differences in the BMG sample changed the stress distribution and therefore, the evolution of shear bands. With large stress gradient, the nucleation of shear bands was highly localized and the subsequent propagation of shear bands was constrained thus forcing multiple shear bands to initiate. Consequently, the plasticity was substantially improved. These results offered a new method on arresting the catastrophic failure of the glassy alloys and thus broadened the application of BMGs as an engineering material.
9:00 PM - Z5.7
Direct Fabrication of Bioactive Ceramic Film on Fe-based Glass from Aqueous Solution.
Haiyan Xu 1 , Naota Sugiyama 1 , Tomoaki Watanabe 1 , Nobuhiro Matsushita 1 , Fengxiang Qin 2 , Shengli Zhu 2 , Xinmin Wang 2 , Masahiro Yoshimura 1
1 Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama Japan, 2 Institute of Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai Japan
Show Abstract The unique properties of metallic glassy alloys, such as high strength, high elastic limit, lower Young’s modulus and excellent corrosion resistance, make them extremely attractive for biomedical application. Much of effort is focused on the surface treatment of these alloys to improve their biocompatibility and the joint between bulk metallic glassy alloys and bioactive layer. Before implanted in the living body, these alloys should be bioactive, which means it need form a bone-like apatite layer on their surface in advance in order to bond to bone through the apatite layer. Moreover, a bioactive ceramic layer between alloy surface and apatite layer has been developed to improve the corrosion resistance of alloy as well as the biocompatibility. Iron-based glassy alloys (Fe-Co-B-Si-Nb) have much higher fracture strength (> 4000 MPa) and high glassy-forming ability besides the above-mentioned advantages, which is promising for development as a new bone material at high-load sites, such as in femoral and tibial bones. In this study, a soft solution processing is proposed to fabricate a bioactive ceramic thin film on the Fe-based glassy alloy to improve its biological performance. The as-fabricated thin films on the surface of the alloys were characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicated that the uniform, dense, and well-adhered thin films have been obtained at low temperature from aqueous solution. The as-treated glassy alloys show an excellent biocompatibility.
9:00 PM - Z5.8
Glass Structure and Nanocrystalline Cluster Formation for a Marginal Glass Forming Alloy.
Eren Kalay 1 2 , Scott Chumbley 1 2 , Iver Anderson 1 2
1 Materials Science & Engineering , Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States, 2 Materials and Engineering Physics, Ames Laboratory of DOE, Ames, Iowa, United States
Show AbstractAl-Rare Earth (RE) based alloys are known to be marginal glass former alloys, because a high density of nanocrystals typically forms in an amorphous matrix. Among the Al-RE amorphous alloys, Al-Sm has the widest glass formation range. In accordance with this, Al-Sm metallic glass alloys were prepared by high pressure gas atomization (HPGA) using He and Cu-block single roller melt spinning (MS) at wheel speeds of 10-40 m/s. The product phases of these rapid solidification processes were identified and analyzed using high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction (HEXRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and atom probe tomography (APT). The HPGA resulted in formation of a variety of microstructures for each alloy, depending on powder particle diameter, with the smallest size group corresponding to the highest degree of undercooling and displaying an amorphous phase with nanocrystalline cluster formation. Similar to HPGA, the as-quenched phase in MS ribbons consist of nanocrystalline Al and amorphous phase, depending on wheel speed selection. The amorphous phase produced using different processes was found to be supersaturated because of solute rejection from the nanocrystalline phase during vitrification. Subsequent decomposition behavior of the amorphous phase and the influence of the presence of nanocrystals was examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in isothermal and isochronal conditions. The devitrification phase transformation path was identified using HEXRD and TEM.
9:00 PM - Z5.9
Negligible Volume of Mixing in the Formation of Bulk Metallic Glasses.
Dong Ma 1 , Alexandru D. Stoica 1 , Xun-Li Wang 1
1 , oak ridge national laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States
Show AbstractExcess molar volumes of mixing for ~30 metalloid-free bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are found to be essentially zero, suggesting that original volumes of “mechanically mixed” constituent metals are conserved after glass formation. The hard-sphere atomic packing fractions of most of these BMGs are calculated to be ~0.74, indicative of the close-packed nature of glassy structures. Neutron scattering data are also presented to show a close correlation between local atomic structures and experimental molar volumes. All these findings provide a new perspective for understanding the structure of metallic glasses.
Symposium Organizers
Jan Schroers Yale University
Ralf Busch Universitaet des Saarlandes
Nobuyuki Nishiyama RIMCOF-Tohoku University Laboratory
Mo Li Georgia Institute of Technology
Z6: Glass Formation, Solidification, Thermodynamics, Deformation
Session Chairs
Lindsay Greer
Wei-Hua Wang
Wednesday AM, November 28, 2007
Room 202 (Hynes)
9:30 AM - **Z6.1
Flow and Fracture Studies on Bulk Metallic Glasses.
John Lewandowski 1 , Alan Vormelker 1 , Hala Hassan 1 , George Sunny 2 , Fuping Yuan 2 , Vikas Prakash 2 , Luciano Vatamanu 1 , Lazslo Kecskes 3
1 Dept. Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States, 2 Dept. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio, United States, 3 , US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States
Show Abstract10:00 AM - **Z6.2
Mechanical Properties and Electronic Structure of Fe-Based Structural Amorphous Metals.
Joseph Poon 1 , Gary Shiflet 2
1 Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, 2 Materials Science & Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
Show AbstractCurrent work at the U. of Virginia has focused on the design and characterization of Fe-based structural amorphous metals (SAM) to obtain good plasticity and toughness while retaining the high fracture strength near 4 GPa and good glass forming ability. This talk will focus on the synthesis, mechanical properties, and basic knowledge of Fe-SAM. The Fe-SAM undergoes a ductile-to-brittle transition. This ductile-to-brittle transition is suggested to correlate with the change of local atomic short-range order or bonding configurations. The local atomic electronic structures of Fe-Mo-C-B metallic glasses are investigated using electron energy loss spectroscopy. Working towards reducing the shear modulus, the variations of compressive plasticity and elastic properties with compositions are investigated, and the deformation and fracture features are examined. The present investigation underlines the role of local order and interatomic interactions in the elastic moduli and Poisson’s ratio, and hence the ductility.Research sponsored by DARPA/ONR
10:30 AM - Z6.3
Anomalies in the Thermophysical Properties of Undercooled Zr62Cu20Al10Ni8 Glass-forming Alloy.
Robert Hyers 1 , Richard Bradshaw 1 , Jan Rogers 2 , Thomas Rathz 2 , Anup Gangopadhyay 3 , Kenneth Kelton 3
1 Mech and Ind Eng, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States, 2 , NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, United States, 3 Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
Show AbstractWed, Nov 28New Presentation Time/Paper NumberZ6.4 @ 9:45 AM to Z6.3 @ 9:30 AMAnomalies in the Thermophysical Properties of Undercooled Zr62Cu20Al10Ni8 Glass-forming Alloy. Robert W. Hyers
11:30 AM - **Z6.5
Icosahedral Ordering in a Zr-based Metallic Glass and Its Influence on Crystal Nucleation and the Glass Transition.
K. Kelton 1 , Y. Shen 1 , T. Kim 1
1 Department of Physics and Center for Materials Innovation, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
Show AbstractOver a half-century ago, Frank argued that liquid metals could be supercooled because of the development of icosahedral short-range order (ISRO) in the liquid. Our previous synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies of electrostatically levitated supercooled transition metal liquids and their alloys have confirmed this. In a Ti-Zr-Ni liquid this ordering lowers the nucleation barrier for an icosahedral quasicrystal phase (i-phase). The ordered regions in the liquid act as a template for the nucleation of the i-phase, blurring the traditional distinction between homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation. This is one of a growing number of examples of the important role of coupling in nucleation processes, many of which cannot be explained quantitatively within the commonly-used classical theory of nucleation. It has also been argued widely that the local structures of many metallic glasses are dominated by ISRO and that this is the reason for nano-crystal formation in glasses that devitrify to the icosahedral phase. We confirm this with combined high-q x-ray diffraction measurements of a supercooled Zr-Ti-Cu-Ni-Al liquid and glass and i-phase nucleation measurements. An analysis of the atomic structures obtained from the scattering data using a Reverse Monte Carlo simulation in terms of the Honeycutt-Anderson and bond orientational order parameter methods show growing ISRO with supercooling through the glass transition. A two-step annealing method, widely used in silicate glasses, is used to obtain quantitative measurements of the time-dependent nucleation rate of the i-phase during glass crystallization. The nucleation barrier for the quasicrystal is vanishingly small, in strong agreement with the results of the diffraction studies. - Supported by the NSF under grants DMR 03-07410 and DMR-0606065, NASA under contract NNM04AA016, and AFOSR under contract 9550-05-1-0110.
12:00 PM - **Z6.6
Three Phase Separation in Metallic Glass Forming System.
Byung Joo Park 1 , Won Tae Kim 2 , Do Hyang Kim 1 , Kazuhiro Hono 3
1 Center for Noncrystalline Materials, Yonsei University , Seoul Korea (the Republic of), 2 Division of Applied Science, Chongju University, Chongju Korea (the Republic of), 3 , National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba Japan
Show AbstractRecently it has been shown that phase separating metallic glass system can offer a unique opportunity for designing composites with hierarchical microstructure with different length scales [1]. In particular, novel core shell and hierarchical structures of spherical glassy droplets resulting from critical wetting behavior and limited diffusion can be obtained in metallic glass system. Two glass phase separation in Ti-Y-Al-Co system occurs due to large positive enthalpy of mixing between Ti and Y [2]. In the present study, three phase separation in metallic glass forming system has been explored by adding another element having positive enthalpy of mixing with Ti in Ti-Y-Al-Co system. The result shows that undercooled melt undergoes a primary phase separation and then the remaining pseudo-binary system undergoes another phase separation, resulting in the three phase separation. The phase separation into three different metallic glass phases has been confirmed by EELS and EDS analysis. The thermodynamic calculation has been carried out to support the phase separation into three different metallic glass phases.[1] Byung Joo Park, Hye Jung Chang, Do Hyang Kim, Won Tae Kim, Kamanio Chattopadhyay, T.A.Abinandanan and Saswata Bhattacharyya, Physical Review Letters, 96, 245503 (2006)[2] B. J. Park, H. J. Chang and W. T. Kim, D. H. Kim, Applied Physics Letters, 85, 6353 (2004)
12:30 PM - Z6.7
Correlation of Atomic Cluster Symmetry and Glass-forming Ability of Metallic Glass.
Xuekui Xi 1 , Lilong Li 1 , Bo Zhang 2 , Weihua Wang 2 , Yue Wu 1
1 , Univ North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 2 , Inst Physics, CAS, Beijing China
Show AbstractLocal structures play a crucial role in glass formation and properties. In addition to topological short-range order, the geometric property of site symmetry is another important but less known characteristic of local structures. It is shown that the observed sharp increase of glass forming ability of Ce70-xAl10Cu20Cox upon Co addition is correlated with a dramatic increase of Al site symmetry, as reflected by decreasing quadrupole frequency measured by 27Al NMR. The result is consistent with the structure model of Al-centered icosahedral clusters as the predominant structural building blocks.
12:45 PM - Z6.8
Metallic Glass Formation in Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Be as a Consequence of Geometric Frustration.
Stefan Mechler 1 2 , Gerhard Schumacher 2 , Ivo Zizak 2 , Michael Macht 2 , Nelia Wanderka 2
1 Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, 2 Materials, SF3 , Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin, Berlin Germany
Show AbstractWhile today bulk metallic glasses can be produced in a large variety of compositions, the understanding of the origin of glass formation is still poor. One possibility to describe glass formation in metallic systems is the model of geometric frustration. Glass formation results from the difficulty of the growth of the locally prefered order in a frustrated system. In a metallic system the locally prefered order is an icosahedral short range order (ISRO). A metallic glass is then regarded as a highly defective quasicrystal. To clarify the relationship between metallic glasses and quasicrystals, we performed a systematic study of the glass forming ability, the structure and the crystallization behavior of Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Be and Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu glasses during heat treatment by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, in-situ X-ray Diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy. During isothermal heat treatments of the bulk metallic glasses Zr46.8Ti8.2Ni10Cu7.5Be27.5 (V4) and Zr41Ti14Ni10Cu12.5Be22.5 (V1) at temperatures in the vicinity of the glass transition, quasicrystals precipitate from the glass after a rather long incubation period. The formation of quasicrystals is accompanied by a decomposition of the alloy, i.e. the quasicrystals are becoming enriched in Ti with respect to the glass and they are Be-free. During constant heating of Be-free Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu glasses, the amorphous phase transforms at first completely into a quasicrystalline phase in a polymorphous process, i.e. without decomposition. During further heating these quasicrystals decompose into crystalline phases and other quasicrystals. At even higher temperatures these quasicrystals decompose again in the same way forming quasicrystals of different composition and stable crystalline phases. Interestingly, with each step of transformation, the quasicrystals change their composition in direction of the ternary Zr41.5Ti41.5Ni17 quasicrystal. This quasicrystal recently was shown to be thermodynamically stable. To our knowledge a direct transformation quasicrystalline-quasicrystalline has never been observed before.Thus the Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Be and Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu glasses tend to regain the ideal and frustration-free state of the stable quasicrystal. Changes of the composition of the ideal Zr-Ti-Ni quasicrystal and introduction of elements which do not fit into the icosahedral structure (especially Be) lead to an alteration of the icosahedral short-range order (ISRO) in the undercooled liquid and the resulting glass. This chemically and structurally distorted ISRO induces frustration in Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu and Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Be glasses which impedes the growth of an icosahedral long range order, i.e. the formation of icosahedral quasicrystals. This frustration opens a time window for cooling of the liquid below the glass transition temperature.
Z7: Toughening Strategies
Session Chairs
Wednesday PM, November 28, 2007
Room 202 (Hynes)
3:00 PM - **Z7.2
Improving the Plastic Deformability of Bulk Metallic Glasses.
Juergen Eckert 1
1 Institute for Complex Materials, IFW Dresden, Dresden Germany
Show AbstractMetallic glasses of many different compositions are now available in bulk form. This has stimulated interest in these glasses for a variety of structural applications because of their promising mechanical properties (e.g. exceptionally high strength and capacity for elastic-energy storage). However, most of these glasses suffer from limited plasticity due to their pronounced tendency for shear localization upon loading. Hence, finding ways to induce more homogeneous deformation characteristics is urgent to further promote the use of these materials for engineering applications. One approach along these lines is to create heterogeneous materials with different type and length-scale of heterogeneities/phases. As examples, recent results obtained for Cu- and Ti-base glasses will be presented and the deformation mechanisms will be related to the intrinsic properties of the heterogeneities and the microstructure of the material in order to derive guidelines for the design of macroscopically ductile glasses.
3:30 PM - Z7.3
Temperature Dependence of Constraint Factor in Metallic Glasses.
Vincent Keryvin 1 , Upadrasta Ramamurty 2 , Jean Christophe Sangleboeuf 1 , Cedric Bernard 1
1 LARMAUR FRE CNRS 2717, University of Rennes 1, Rennes France, 2 2Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012 India
Show Abstract3:45 PM - Z7.4
Characterization of Particulates Reinforced Ni52.5Nb10Zr15Ti15Pt7.5 Bulk Metallic Glassy Matrix Composites Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering.
Guoqiang Xie 1 , Dmitri V. Louzguine-Luzgin 1 , Hisamichi Kimura 1 , Fumihiro Wakai 2 , Akihisa Inoue 1
1 Institute for Matrials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai Japan, 2 Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama Japan
Show Abstract Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are promising materials for structural applications as they exhibit high mechanical strength, high hardness, high fracture toughness, superior corrosion resistance and so on. A large number of metallic glasses with high glass-forming ability have been produced in many alloy systems. However, their brittleness and limited dimensions hamper their large-scale industrial applications. The most common method to improve the ductility of BMGs is to produce glassy matrix composites containing crystalline phases. On the other hand, powder metallurgy can produce larger metallic glassy alloy parts in a variety of shapes than those fabricated by casting methods, and can readily produce composites by dispersing crystalline particulates in the glassy matrix. The spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique has a great potential for producing metallic glass specimens while crystallization of the alloy and coarsening of the dispersed particles are avoided. It is a type of solid-state compression sintering technique which is similar to hot-pressing, so that the sintered specimens with the large-size and complicated shape can be produced. Recently, new Ni-based BMGs with high strength, large elastic limit and excellent corrosion resistance have been developed. We have produced nearly full density monolithic Ni-based BMGs by the spark plasma sintering of gas atomized Ni52.5Nb10Zr15Ti15Pt7.5 powders. In this study, we fabricated the Ni52.5Nb10Zr15Ti15Pt7.5 BMG composites combining a gas atomized Ni52.5Nb10Zr15Ti15Pt7.5 powder with different crystalline ceramics (SiC, ZrO2, etc.) or metal (W, etc.) particulates using the SPS process. The thermal and mechanical properties of the obtained BMG composites were investigated. The microstructure of the sintered compacts and the interface between powder particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, conventional and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The results indicated that the ceramics (or metal) particulates were homogeneously dispersed in the metallic glassy matrix alloys. Good bonding between metallic glassy powder and glassy, ceramics or metal particulate was observed. No impurity inclusions were observed. No obvious reaction layers were presented. It was also demonstrated that the matrix of the fabricated composite specimens maintained a glassy phase after the SPS process at the sintering temperatures below 773 K. This may originate from low sintering temperature, short holding time and rapid cooling during the SPS process. The plastic ductility of the fabricated BMG composites was improved by adding ceramics (or metal) particulates into the glassy alloy.
4:30 PM - Z7.5
Pseudo-binary Phase Diagram for Zr-based In-situ β Phase Composites.
Seung-Yub Lee 1 , Choongnyun Kim 2 , Jonathan Almer 3 , Ulrich Lienert 3 , William Johnson 2 , Ustundag Ersan 1
1 Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States, 2 Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States, 3 Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States
Show AbstractThe pseudo-binary (quasi-equilibrium) phase diagram for Zr-based bulk metallic glasses with crystalline in-situ precipitates (β phase) has been constructed from high temperature phase information and chemical composition analysis. The phase evolution was detected in-situ by high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction followed by Rietveld analysis of the data for volume fraction estimation. The phase diagram delineates phase fields and allows the control of phase fractions. Combined with related previous work by the authors, this diagram offers a unique opportunity to control both the morphology and volume of the dendritic β phase precipitates to enhance the properties of the composites.
4:45 PM - Z7.6
More than 10% Tensile Ductility and Benchmark Mechanical Properties from a Metallic Glass Composite.
Douglas Hofmann 1 , Jin-Yoo Suh 1 , Aaron Wiest 1 , Gang Duan 1 , Mary-Laura Lind 1 , Marios Demetriou 1 , William Johnson 1
1 Materials Science, Caltech, Pasadena , California, United States
Show AbstractIt is widely appreciated that bulk metallic glasses (BMG’s) have nearly theoretical yield strengths with high elastic limits. Unfortunately, their use as a structural material has been limited due to a lack of any tensile ductility. It is well known that tensile stability can be achieved through ductile-phase reinforced bulk metallic glasses but currently less than 5% ductility can be achieved.
This research constitutes the first observation of ductile-phase reinforced bulk metallic glasses that have room temperature tensile ductility greater than 10% at stresses higher than 1.0 GPa. The alloys possess a combination of strength, ductility and toughness which places them outside the envelope of known conventional crystalline engineering metals. The alloys can be produced in large dimensions (>2 cm) and exhibit optimal properties in the cast condition. This is generally not possible with either monolithic metallic glasses or conventional metal alloys.
The new alloys exhibit fracture toughness that rivals ferrous metals and titanium alloys but with approximately one-third the Young’s modulus of steel. Typical fracture toughness samples display plastic regions on the order of several millimeters and possess the ability to completely arrest a driven crack.
Tensile ductility can be controlled by adjusting the volume fraction of soft second-phase particles. By simply changing a single component in the composition, the tensile ductility can vary from 0% (as with a monolithic glass) to >15%. Alloys that exhibit between 5-7% tensile ductility can support greater than 1.5 GPa of stress while alloys that exhibit between 10-13% ductiltiy support greater than 1.0 GPa of stress. As a more reliable measure of tensile ductility, the reduction in area of the tensile gauge sections is also reported. Up to 50% reduction in area is observed at room temperature in the new alloy system.
Differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) scans on the new composites reveal a single eutectic crystallization event, demonstrating the stability of the new glass matrix. Additionally, the alloys typically exhibit a very large supercooled liquid region (>100 K), which allows them to be processed easily above their glass transition temperature.
The high levels of ductility and toughness allow the new composites to be processed significantly at room temperature. Large scale bending tests and cold rolling have both been achieved. In addition, high strain-rate Charpy impact tests were performed on the new alloys at room temperature and they are shown to absorb significant amounts of energy.
The ductile-phase reinforced metallic glasses in this research are similar in composition to commercially available alloys and are thus well suited to industrial processing with commercial grade elements. These novel materials demonstrate the broad potential of metallic glass as a revolutionary engineering material.
5:00 PM - Z7.7
Investigation of Shear Band Evolution in Tungsten-Amorphous Alloy Matrix Composites Beneath a Vickers Indentation.
Laszlo Kecskes 1 , Suveen Mathaudhu 1 , Hogwen Zhang 2 , Armand deRosset 1
1 Materials Division, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States, 2 Department of Materials Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
Show AbstractPreviously, Jiao et al. [1] has shown that shear localization in Zr57Nb5Al10Cu15.4Ni12.6 metallic glass matrix reinforced with varying levels of tungsten particles occurs on two distinct length scales. Multiple shear bands in the metallic glass matrix, with widths of one micron or less, form under both quasi-static and dynamic loading. In addition, the specimens subjected to dynamic loading also show shear bands with thicknesses on the order of 50 µm; the tungsten particles inside these shear bands are extensively deformed. Similarly, using the bonded-interface method, indentation studies of shear band formation in monolithic metallic glasses have shown that the few shear bands that surround the indent on the top surface of the specimen are actually complemented by a large number of primary, secondary, and tertiary shear bands beneath the indenter [2].Consequently, we have subjected the tungsten-metallic glass composites to indentation experiments to study the deformation behavior by shear banding in more detail. Results of using increasing Vickers loads ranging from 10 to 1000g on the composites are described. The evolution of the shear band patterns with increasing load was also examined with scanning electron microscopy. Differences between the response of the composite material and that of monolithic metallic glass will be elucidated in terms of a modified expanding cavity model, whereby the stress components responsible for the evolution of various types of shear bands are rationalized. [1] T. Jiao, et al., Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, 35A (11): 3439-3444, Nov. 2004.[2] H. Zhang et al., Acta Materialia 53 (14): 3849-3859 Aug. 2005.
5:15 PM - Z7.8
Spall Strength of a Zirconium-Based Bulk Metallic Glass and its Composite with Tungsten.
Morgana Martin 1 , Laszlo Kecskes 2 , Naresh Thadhani 1
1 Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 2 Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States
Show Abstract5:30 PM - Z7.9
Nano-scale Solute Partitioning in Devitrified Bulk Metallic Glass.
Xun-Li Wang 1 , Michael Miller 2 , Ling Yang 1 3 , C. Liu 2 , Jon Almer 4 , Donglu Shi 3
1 Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States, 2 Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States, 3 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, 4 Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Tennessee, United States
Show AbstractPartial crystallization or devitrification of bulk metallic glass (BMG) results in a novel microstructure, with a large number of nano-scale crystalline precipitates evenly distributed in a glassy matrix. These high density (10^23-10^24 per m^3) crystalline precipitates are known to impede the propagation of shear bands and it is tempting to exploit them to improve the mechanical properties of BMG alloys. To this end, it is essential to establish the fine-scale structure of the crystalline precipitates. Here, we report an experimental study of a multi-component BMG alloy, Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5, using a set of complementary experimental techniques: a new wide field of view atom probe equipped with a high repetition pulsed laser and in-situ small angle scattering by high-energy synchrotron x-ray. The new atom probe instrument reveals nano-scale solute partitioning at an unprecedented detail. This level of detail is crucial for understanding the interference peaks observed in small angle x-ray and neutron scattering experiments, a mystery that has lingered for more than a decade. Our study provides insights on the structural evolution of nano crystalline precipitates, which has important implications for understanding the nucleation and growth of nano-scale crystalline precipitates and the stability of BMG alloys.
5:45 PM - Z7.10
Atomic Scale Modeling on Plastic Deformation in Metallic Glass Having Elements of Positive Heat of Mixing.
Jong Hyun Na 1 , Na Young Park 2 , Pil-Ryung Cha 2 , Won Tae Kim 3 , Do Hyang Kim 1
1 , Yonsei University , Seoul Korea (the Republic of), 2 , Kookmin University, Seoul Korea (the Republic of), 3 , Cheongju University, Cheongju Korea (the Republic of)
Show AbstractMost of bulk metallic glasses(BMGs) reported so far exhibit a plastic strain of ~2 % when deformed under compression mode. The very low level of plasticity and absence of strain hardening in the metallic glass alloys restricts the range of their application as structural components. Recently, a pronounced enhancement of global plasticity in several monolithic BMG alloys has been achieved by a small addition of element having positive heat of mixing with major components.In the present study, Molecular Dynamics(MD) simulation was used to model the early stage of plastic deformation in Ni-Pd and Ni-Ag metallic glasses, which have zero and positive, respectively, heat of mixing with major component Ni. The interatomic interactions are described using the embedded atom method and the MD simulations were performed with a constant number of atom (N) and constant stress (σ) and temperature (T) – i.e. the NσT ensemble. Under a given compressive stress, changes in system height and local topology were monitored. Ni-Ag glass exhibited plastic deformation without crystallization, while Ni-Pd system showed the brittle behavior and in some cases, experienced the formation of crystallites during deformation. This difference will be discussed in terms of local atomic rearrangement during deformation.
Z8: Poster Session II
Session Chairs
Nobuyuki Nishiyama
Jan Schroers
Thursday AM, November 29, 2007
Exhibition Hall D (Hynes)
9:00 PM - Z8.1
Relationship Between Plasmon Energy and Mechanical Properties in Ni-Nb-Zr Metallic Glasses.
Hye Jung Chang 1 , James Howe 2 , Do Hyang Kim 1
1 Dept. of Metallurgical Eng., Yonsei Univ., Seoul Korea (the Republic of), 2 Dept. of Mater. Sci. and Eng., Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
Show AbstractIn the present study, the atomic / electronic structure of the Ni-Nb-Zr amorphous phase was investigated. Substitution of 10 at.% Zr with Nb enhances the plasticity as well as the glass forming ability. The atomic bonding structure was investigated by EXAFS analysis, which indicates that the atomic bonding structure changes with Zr content. It supports the observation that addition of elements having a positive enthalpy of mixing to the glass can cause repulsive forces between particular elements, thereby providing an inhomogeneous amorphous structure, which improves the glass forming ability and plasticity. Additionally, an analysis was performed using the plasmon energy to illuminate the effect of electronic structure on the elastic / plastic properties of the amorphous phase. Howe and Oleshko [1] have shown that a correlation exists between the plasmon energy and elastic properties such as Young’s modulus, bulk modulus and shear modulus, indicating that the materials properties are reflected in the valence electron excitations. In the Ni-Nb-Zr system, the plasmon energy decreases with increasing Zr content. Interestingly, deviation from a linear correlation is observed around 10 at.% Zr, where enhanced plasticity is observed. From these results, the relationship between the plasmon energy and the elastic / plastic properties of metallic glasses is discussed.[1] J. M. Howe and V. P. Oleshko, J. Electron Microscopy, 53(40) (2004) 339.
9:00 PM - Z8.10
Fabrication of Zr-based metallic Glassy Nanowires and Nanospheres.
Takeshi Wada 1 , Dmitri Louzguine-Luzgin 1 , Akihisa Inoue 1
1 , Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
Show AbstractRecently metallic nanowires and nanoparticles have attracted much interest because they exhibit different electronic, optical, catalytic and mechanical properties from the corresponding bulk materials. On the other hand, metallic glasses exhibit superior mechanical, chemical and magnetic properties. Thus, metallic glassy nanowires and nanoparticles exhibit significantly different properties from the crystalline counterparts. Multi-phase metallic glasses can be the precursors for producing metallic glassy nanowires and nanoparticles. Multi-phase metallic glass can be fabricated by using phase separation phenomena based on solid- or liquid-state immiscibility of constituent element. In 1994, Inoue et al. discovered nano-scale phase separation during heating in a Zr-Y-Al-Ni system. In 2004, Kündig et al. reported micrometer scale liquid phase separation in Zr-La-Al-Ni-Cu. Although the morphology of phase separation structure strongly depends of alloy composition and processing condition, these effects have not been studied well. In this study we investigated the effect of the alloy composition and melt-spinning condition on the morphology of Zr-(Ce, Pr, Nd)-Al-Ni metallic glasses.The ZrxRE60-xAl15Ni25(at%, RE: Ce, Pr, Nd, x=15, 30) quaternary alloy were used. The alloy was quenched by single roller melt spinning forming ribbon specimen with 7 to 13 μm in thickness. The X-ray diffraction(XRD) patterns confirm the fully glassy structure of the alloy ribbons. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS) reveals that the as-quenched ribbon have separated structure with Zr-rich and RE-rich region. To observe surface morphology of Zr-rich region, the as-quenched specimens were immersed in 1N-HNO3 for leaching out RE-rich region. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) reveals that Zr-rich phase in Zr30RE30Al15Ni25 forms interconnected mesh-like structure while in the Zr15RE45Al15Ni15 alloy, the aggregate of fine spheres with diameter of several ten nanometer. These morphological difference may suggest the difference of phase separation mechanism; In the Zr-RE equiatomic alloys, spinodal-type phase separation may takes place dominantly making periodic interconnected structure, while in the RE-rich alloys, nucleation and growth type separation may takes place forming fine isolated particles.We tried to change the morphology of Zr-rich phase by increasing melt-spinning velocity. In the Zr30Nd30Al15Ni25 specimen quenched at the high spinning speed, we could fabricate Zr-rich glassy alloy with wire-like structure in nanometer scale. The reason of formation of Zr-rich glassy wire is considered as follows. At the beginning of quenching the liquid is separated in interconnected structure and it is directionally elongated by rotating copper wheel. The temperature of the melt decreases and the viscosity of the liquid increases, eventually the elongated structure is frozen before its shape recovery.
9:00 PM - Z8.11
A Simple Approach to Fabrication of Bulk Metallic Glass Coating by Cold Gas-dynamic Spray.
Pei Yan 1 , Joseph Lai 1 , Chan Hung Shek 1 , Yufeng Sun 2
1 Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
Show Abstract9:00 PM - Z8.12
Correlation Between Structural Heterogeneity and Mechanical Behavior in Zr-Ti(-Nb)-Cu-Ni-Al Bulk Metallic Glass Alloy System.
Eun Soo Park 1 2 , Hye Jung Chang 1 , Do Hyang Kim 1
1 Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul Korea (the Republic of), 2 School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show Abstract Monolithic bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) undergo inhomogeneous plastic deformation under loading at room temperature, during which localized regions of shear bands (SBs) are formed where the plastic flow is confined. This plastic flow allows only a few SBs to be active and results in catastrophic failure. This instability severely restricts applications of BMGs. To solve this problem, various composite microstructures have been pursued, with the notion that if these localized SBs are diffused or arrested within the microstructure, a higher macroscopic plastic strain can be achieved. However, BMG composites exhibit a wide range of mechanical properties due to the influence of the secondary phase. Furthermore, the kinetics of glass formation point that the properties of a liquid near the glass transition region are perceptibly time dependent. It means that understanding this behavior is important, if one wants to achieve precise control over the room-temperature properties. Thus, it can be open to question that the adopted cooling rate as well as the choice of appropriate alloy composition is crucial for the control of structural heterogeneity in BMGs and BMG composites, which is closely related to mechanical properties. Zr-Ti-(Nb)-Cu-Ni-Al is a well-known system for BMG (or BMG matrix composites) with improved plastic elongation. In the present study, we have systematically studied the effects of alloy compositions and cooling rate on phase selection in as-cast microstructure and mechanical properties. The potential causes will be discussed with both the intensive structural analysis (HRTEM and EXAFS) and the measurement of the dynamic behavior of shear bands in bend test.
9:00 PM - Z8.13
Preparation of Zr-based Metallic Glass Wire for Biomedical Application.
Takeshi Nagase 1 , Kouichi Kinoshita 1 , Yukichi Umakoshi 1
1 Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
Show AbstractNew Zr-based metallic glass wires which do not contain harmful elements of Ni, Al and Be from the viewpoint of biocompatibility were developed for the future application as biomaterials. Since Zr-based alloys show generally highly reactive molten state, preparation of the metallic glass wires is not easy by conventional rotating-liquid spinning method. In the present study, the Zr-based metallic glass wires were prepared by a new Arc-melting type melt-extraction method using a Cu wheel with steep edge in Ar gas atmosphere. The continuous metallic glass wires with a good white luster and smooth surface were obtained not only for conventional Zr-based metallic glasses with extremely high Glass Forming Ability such as Vitreloy-type and Zr-Al-Ni-Cu alloys but also for Zr-Ti-Co alloys. The Zr-based metallic glass wires showed high tensile strength reaching 1000MPa. Furthermore, the metallic glass wires showed good bending ductility and could be bent through 180 degrees without fracture. Conventional DSC curve showed an anomalous endothermic reaction corresponding to glass-to-liquid transition. The difference in the supercooled liquid region (ΔTx value) between metallic glass wire and melt-spun ribbon was not observed. The Zr-based metallic glass wires exhibit simultaneously high tensile strength, good bending ductility and high thermal stability.
9:00 PM - Z8.14
Pressure-induced Polyamorphic Transition in a Metallic Glass.
Howard Sheng 1 2 , Yongqiang Cheng 2 , Evan Ma 2
1 Computational and Data Sciences, Geroge Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States, 2 Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Show AbstractPolyamorphic transition refers to the phase transition between different and distinct amorphous states (phases), where density, at a fixed composition is usually the order parameter. Hydrostatic pressure is often the thermodynamic variable used to induce such polyamorphic transitions. So far, polyamorphic phase transitions in the glassy state have been observed only in glasses involving directional and open (such as tetrahedral) coordination environments. In this talk, we report an in situ X-ray diffraction observation of a pressure-induced transition between two distinct amorphous polymorphs in a Ce-Al metallic glass. The large density difference (~15%) observed between the two polyamorphs is attributed to their distinct electronic and atomic structures, in particular the bond-shortening revealed by ab initio modeling of the effects of f-electron delocalization. This finding offers a new perspective of the amorphous state of metals, and has implications in understanding the structure, evolution and properties of metals and their parent liquids. Technologically, this discovery opens a new avenue toward useful amorphous alloys that are compositionally identical but with different thermodynamic, mechanical, and rheological properties owing to different bonding and structural characteristics.
9:00 PM - Z8.15
Phase Formation, Mechanical Properties and Crack Propagation in (Fe44.3Cr5Co5Mo12.8Mn11.2C15.8B5.9)98.5Y1.5 BMG and its Composites.
Uwe Siegel 1 , Uta Kuehn 1 , Norbert Mattern 1 , Juergen Eckert 1
1 Metallic Glasses and Composites, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Dresden Germany
Show AbstractFe-based bulk metallic glasses show exceptional properties, such as ultrahigh strength over 4 GPa and they have a good merit to synthesis BMG by much cheaper in comparison with other BMGs. Since 2004 the critical diameter of Fe based BMGs has been reached over 1 cm [1, 2], which encouraging for future developments of them as structural materials. In general Fe-based BMGs are mostly known very brittle, however recently a Fe based BMG with ~5.2 % of plastic strain was presented [3].We report, in current study, phase formation, mechanical properties and crack propagation of a multicomponent (Fe44.3Cr5Co5Mo12.8Mn11.2C15.8B5.9)98.5Y1.5 glass-forming alloy and its composites. The glass materials was prepared both thin melt spun ribbons and cast rods. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, computer tomography and DSC measurements.The alloy shows a high glass forming ability (critical casting diameter upto 12 mm) and high compressive strength (~3 GPa) but they do not show yielding and strain hardening during room temperature deformation [1]. In general the brittle behaviour of BMGs can be reduced by introducing crystalline phase(s) within the amorphous matrix material, which can stop or deviate shear band movement. The elements Nb, Ag and Cu are appropriate candidates to create crystalline phases during the solidification process of the alloy (Fe44,3Cr5Co5Mo12,8Mn11,2C15,8B5,9)98,5Y1,5. The influence of these elements on microstructure, crack propagation and mechanical properties will be presented.[1] Z. P. Lu, C. T. Liu, J. R. Thompson and W. D. Porter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004)[2] V. Ponnambalam, S.J. Poon and G.J. Shiflet, J. Mater. Res. 19, 1320 (2004)[3] K.F. Yao and C.Q. Zhang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 061901 (2007)
9:00 PM - Z8.16
Structural Anisotropy Induced by Mechanical Deformation in Metallic Glasses.
Wojciech Dmowski 1 , Takeshi Egami 1 , Yoshihiko Yokoyama 2 , Akihisa Inoue 2 , Minoru Umemoto 3 , Koichi Tuchiya 3 , Yang Ren 4
1 Materials Science and Eng., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, 2 Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai Japan, 3 Department of Production Systems Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi Japan, 4 APS, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States
Show AbstractMechanical properties of metallic glasses have been extensively studied, however much less is known about underlaying changes in the atomic structure. There is general consensus that deformation must be accompanied by a local rearrangement of atoms to accommodate shear strain. However, disordered nature of a glass or small deformation volumes makes it difficult to observe experimentally. We have investigated changes in the atomic structure in a bulk metallic glass that has been deformed in a homogeneous and inhomogeneous way. We used high energy X-ray scattering and area detector to obtain azimuthal resolution of a scattering vector and improve statistics of a diffraction data. The results indicate that deformation in a glass involves rearrangement in a cluster of atoms (like bond exchange) that leads to structural anisotropy. We have studied metallic glass ribbon (Fe81B13Si4C2) obtained by a melt-spinning method and bulk metallic glass alloy of Zr50Cu40Al10 (at.%) prepared by arc-melting and drop-casting. FeSiCB glass ribbon was deformed by mechanical creep at 300C. BMG was deformed by uniaxial compression and by a high pressure torsion. Structural studies were performed using high energy X-ray diffraction at ID11 beamline at APS. Data were analyzed to obtain structure factors and pair distribution functions, that provided evidence of changes in the local atomic structure and structural anisotropy as a result of the mechanical deformation.
9:00 PM - Z8.17
Photoemission Studies on Iron-Based Bulk Metallic Glasses.
Michael Buettner 1 , Michael Widom 3 , Hsiang-Jen Wang 1 , Avinash Dongare 1 , Gary Shiflet 1 , Xiao-Jun Gu 2 , Joseph Poon 2 , Bongjin Mun 4 , Petra Reinke 1
1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, 3 Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 2 Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, 4 Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
Show AbstractMetallic glasses are an intriguing class of materials with a considerable potential for application in engineering due to their possible exceptional physical and chemical properties. For a long time application of those materials was limited due the small dimensions of the amorphous samples obtained by rapid quenching. Recently, bulk metallic glasses (BMG) with rod diameters in the order of cm's have been made available. Those materials consisting of Fe, Mo, Cr, C, B, and Er allow a drastically lowered cooling rate to form the amorphous phase. Rare-earth elements and their role in the enhancement of the Glass Forming Ability (GFA) are of particular interest in this respect. A deeper insight to those issues may increase the control over BMG properties and allow the design of materials with specific properties. The local atomic distribution of elements gives rise to distinct chemical environments affecting the electronic configuration of the material. Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES) is well-suited to examine those electronic structures. For PES the preparation of a clean sample surface is crucial. However, most cleaning procedures change the structure and elemental composition of the surface. It was seen that some bonding environments are particularly sensitive and can be completely destroyed during ion irradiation. In order to obtain a clean surface without the need of additional treatments we fractured the sample rod in vacuum and analyzed the exposed fracture surface with PES. This approach yields experimental data suitable to examine small changes in the electronic structure of amorphous alloys which are closely connected to the local atomic structure. We will present results from core-level and valence band (VB) spectroscopy of Fe(65-x)Mo14C15B6Erx alloys, and discuss, firstly, the changes in electronic structure and bonding as we move from a ternary (Fe80C14B6) to a quarternary (x=0) and penternary alloy, and, secondly, the influence of Er concentration and the B/C ratio on the structure. The most prominent changes are observed in the bonding environments of Fe and C. The addition of Er (up to 2 at.%) leads to the appearance of a new peak in the C 1s line, which can be assigned to B-C bonds. The formation of metalloid-metalloid nearest neighbors is usually highly unfavorable, but the presence of Er appears to promote metalloid-metalloid bonding. This is in agreement with Pair Correlation Functions obtained from MD/DFT calculations. The Fe 3s multiplet splitting serves to probe the d-band configuration, and the addition of Er leads to an increase in d-band occupancy towards the value measured for pure iron. Changes in the valence band spectra are dominated by a modification of the shape and intensity in the region defined by the metal d-electrons. We will discuss spectra obtained at different photon energies and comment on the nature of the orbitals contributing to the total DOS, and the comparison between near-surface and bulk structure.
9:00 PM - Z8.18
Glass Formation Dependence on Casting Atmosphere in a Zr-Al-Ni-Cu-Pd Alloy System.
Albertus Setyawan 1 , Hidemi Kato 2 , Junji Saida 1 , Akihisa Inoue 2
1 Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University, Sendai Japan, 2 Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai Japan
Show AbstractAssessing glass-forming ability (GFA) of an alloy can be performed by comparing the kinetics of transformation, such as the nucleation or crystal growth rate, as well as evaluation criterion, e.g. the large of supercooled liquid region ΔTx (=Tx–Tg, where Tg and Tx are the glass transition and the crystallization temperatures, respectively) or the well-known reduced glass transition temperature Trg (=Tg/Tl, where Tl is the liquidus temperature). However, a more straight-forward method sometimes is necessary, for example by comparing the critical size for glass formation derived from the as-prepared structure of samples with various sizes. Mold-casting is a simple technique for fabricating bulk metallic glassy specimens. In this work, GFA of a Zr65Al7.5Ni10Cu17.5-xPdx (x=0–17.5 at.%) alloy system is evaluated by mapping all the structures of alloys fabricated by mold casting. The work is successful in unveiling the origin of different dependence of apparent GFA on casting-atmosphere-pressure (p) among the alloys in the system. It is found that low-Pd alloys (x=0–5) exhibit an apparent GFA with low dependence on p, while those with higher Pd contents (x=7.5–17.5) show an apparent GFA with a remarkably high dependence on p. The critical diameter dc of glass formation in the 0- and 5-at.%-Pd alloys remains 6 and 5 mm, respectively, while in the 17.5-at.%-Pd one, dc increases gradually from 1 to 5 mm as Ar atmosphere pressure rises from vacuum (p~2x10-3 Pa) to ambient (p~105 Pa). A characteristic cooling process concerning the gas species and pressure applied for casting atmosphere is observed during mold-casting. Cooling curves show a feature in which a deflection to a much lower cooling rate is exhibited when a low p is applied. The deflection takes place particularly starting at a temperature of about Tg+160 K which corresponds to the low-temperature side of undercooled liquid region. Such a characteristic is independent of alloy composition (Pd content, x). On the other hand, continuous-cooling-temperature (CCT) diagrams successfully constructed for the alloys of x=5 and x=17.5 show that, for the same time scale, the former has only a CCT curve corresponding to the formation crystalline phase lying at high-temperature side of the undercooled liquid region, while the later reveals an additional CCT curve of a quasicrystalline phase formation at considerably lower temperature side. By correlating the cooling characteristic in mold casting and the continuous cooling phase transformation feature of the alloys, the origin of different dependence of GFA and as-cast structure on casting-atmosphere pressure between the low- and high-Pd sides in this alloy system can be well explained. Furthermore, based on the result, an appropriate strategy in structural control applied for the alloy system results in glassy specimens with different intrinsic structures for a low-Pd alloy and increase of dc by applying He as the casting atmosphere for a high-Pd alloy.
9:00 PM - Z8.19
Free Volume Relaxation Process in Zr50Cu40Al10 Bulk Metallic Glass Studied by Positron Annihilation Techniques.
Akito Ishii 1 , Fuminobu Hori 1 , Yoshihiko Yokoyama 2 , Toyohiko Konno 2
1 Material Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka Japan, 2 , Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai Japan
Show AbstractStructural relaxation around free volume in Zr50Cu40Al10 bulk metallic glass during isothermal annealing up to 5 h at 473 and 673 K below Tg =675 K (glass transition temperature) have been investigated by positron annihilation lifetime (PL) and coincidence Doppler broadening (CDB) measurements. The trends of change in positron lifetime, which correspond to the size of free volume at each annealing temperature, have a good correlation with their density change. These annealing processes obey a stretched exponential relaxation function (KWW: Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts law). Fitting parameters of KWW, relaxation time τ and β, in each temperature were determined. These relaxation parameters have temperature dependence suggesting the distribution of activation energies for structural relaxation. Moreover, the profile of electron momentum distribution derived by CDB spectrum during annealing showed no appreciable change at each temperature. These facts suggest that long range chemical ordering, particularly around the free volume, dose not take place essentially.
9:00 PM - Z8.2
Crystallization Processes of Zr70Cu27.5Rh2.5 and Zr70Cu29Ir1 Metallic Glasses with Different Thickness.
Chunfei Li 1
1 Physics, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States
Show AbstractIt has been known that addition of some selected metal to the Zr-based metallic glass with high glass forming ability stimulates the precipitation of icosahedral quasicrystalline (IQC) particles as metastable phase in the initial crystallization stage, followed by precipitation of stable crystalline phases. Most of previous studies aimed to clarify the condition for the precipitation of the IQC phase. Recently, it has been attempted to observe the transition from IQC to the stable crystalline phase by in-situ annealing experiment in TEM. Zr70Cu27.5Rh2.5 and Zr70Cu29Ir1 Metallic Glasses were chosen since the precipitation of IQC phase was reported and the stable crystalline phase is single Zr2Cu phase in these two alloy systems. In-situ TEM heating experiment did not observe the precipitation of IQC particles in the initial crystallization process. Instead, the direct precipitation of stable crystalline phase from the amorphous matrix was observed. In the present experiment, these In-situ heated TEM specimens were examined in detail. There are evidences that, at certain annealing condition, crystallization proceeds in both thick and thin areas faster than the area in between. The spacing from the thin to thick area is in the order of micrometer. Amorphous phase remains unchanged in the area in between these two crystallized area. The TEM’s used in these experiments have accelerating voltage of 200 kV. The specimen in the above mentioned thick crystallized and amorphous region is barely transparent for such 200 keV electrons, which makes detailed observation difficult. To further clarify the observed phenomenon, a cross-section TEM observation was performed, the results and procedure of which are described as follows. First, the in-situ annealed TEM specimen was reexamined by TEM and the seemingly amorphous area was marked by taking TEM images at different magnifications. The same specimen was then, transferred to a dual beam Focused Ion Beam (FIB) system, where the previously marked area was recovered and a cross-section TEM specimen centered on the assumed amorphous area was cut out. TEM high-resolution imaging and diffraction performed on such specimen provide clear evidence for the presence of crystalline phase in the thin and thick regions and the amorphous phase in between. This conclusion applies to both Zr70Cu27.5Rh2.5 and Zr70Cu29Ir1 metallic glasses. Experiments performed on different positions more than one hundred micrometer apart revealed that the specimen thickness of the residual amorphous phase region is approximately the same. This ruled out the possibility that different phases at different areas are caused by temperature difference based on the reasoning that if there is any temperature gradient, the difference will be much larger for two areas of one hundred micrometers apart than one micrometer apart.
9:00 PM - Z8.20
Computational Simulations of Amorphous Aluminum-Silicon Alloys. An ab initio Approach.
Ariel Valladares 1 , J. Andres Diaz_Celaya 1 , Renela Valladares 2
1 Condensed Matter, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F., Mexico, 2 Physics, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
Show AbstractLiquid and amorphous metals and binary metallic systems have proven difficult to model. Many-body semiempirical potentials based on the embedded atom method (EAM) [1], or tight binding methods (TBM) [2] have been developed to overcome the existing limitations of using pair potentials for describing the metallic bond. Some efforts have relied on the use of parameterized classical potentials of the Lennard-Jones type or geometric hard sphere simulations, but first principles approaches have rarely been used. Clearly the knowledge of atomic structures is paramount for calculating physical properties. In this work we apply our recently developed ab initio DFT approach [3] for the generation of amorphous semiconducting materials, to amorphize aluminum-silicon alloys after having applied it to the generation of amorphous/liquid aluminum [4]. We report radial distribution functions (RDFs) and specific atomic structures of periodic amorphous cubic supercells of 108 atoms with a volume of (12.1710 Å)3 for the 5.5% Si sample and (12.2274 Å)3 for the 12% Si sample, using the Harris functional. We compare our results with previous experiments and simulations existing in the literature and the agreements and discrepancies will be pondered.1. M.S. Daw and M.I. Baskes, Phys. Rev. B 29 (1984) 6443. A.P. Sutton, J. Chen, Philos. Mag. Lett. 61 (1990) 139.2. F. Ducastelle, J. Phys. (Paris) 31 (1970) 1055.3. A. A. Valladares, F. Alvarez, Z. Liu, J. Sticht and J. Harris, Eur. Phys. J. 22 (2001) 443. F. Alvarez and A. A. Valladares, Appl. Phys Lett. 80 (2002) 58. F. Alvarez, C. C. Díaz, A. A. Valladares and R. M. Valladares, Phys. Rev. B 65 (2002) 113108-1. F. Alvarez and A. A. Valladares, Solid State Comm. 127 (2003) 483. F. Alvarez and A. A. Valladares, Phys. Rev. B 68 (2003) 205203-1.4. A. A. Valladares, Accepted for publication in Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2007.
9:00 PM - Z8.21
X-ray Characterization of Iron Based Amorphous Bulk Alloys.
Cheng Saw 1 , Jor-Shan Choi 1 , Dan Day 1 , Joe Farmer 1 , William Bauer 2
1 MSTD-CMLS, Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab., Livermore, California, United States, 2 , US Airforce Academy, USAF Academy, Colorado, United States
Show AbstractIron-based amorphous metal alloys which consist of different compositions of Fe, Cr, Mn, Mo, W, B, Si, Zr and Ti have been prepared and studied quite extensively. They are essentially at metastable states and have been produced by different techniques. The materials are first thermally excited to the liquid state and then quenched, and the required critical cooling rates (CCR) are normally in the order of 104 to 106 Kelvin per second in order to achieve the amorphous structure. To aid in processing, the CCR can sometime be lowered by the addition of other elements which will hinder the mobility of the atoms from going into crystallization during cooling. At times with appropriate elemental choices, solid-state reaction can also drive the materials to become amorphous. These materials are of considerable interest because of the improvement in corrosion resistance for various reasons. This lack of atomic ordering resulted in the absence of grain boundaries, which often have been the weakest regions of the material. Possible applications for these materials are in areas of coatings to protect vessels in the sea water environment, pipings, ballast tanks, propulsion systems as well as the protective canisters for the nuclear waste storage. In this paper, we report on the characterization effort on iron based alloys of different variants of SAM2X5 (Fe49.7Cr17.7Mn1.9Mo7.4W1.6C3.8Si2.4) alloy, that is, alloys with different concentration of Mo, Cr and Mn. Previous published reports have suggested that higher content of Molybdenum (Mo) concentration favors higher corrosion resistance. This work was performed under the auspices of the U. S. Department of Energy by the University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract No. W-7405-Eng-48
9:00 PM - Z8.22
Transport and Soft Magnetic Properties of Ultra-high Strength Co43Fe20Ta5.5B31.5 Bulk Glassy Alloy.
Ziyan Gu 1 , Lopes Enrique 1 , K. Rao 1 , B. Shen 2 , Akihisa Inoue 1
1 Dept of Materials Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm Sweden, 2 Institute for Materials Research, , Tohoku University, Sendai Japan
Show Abstract9:00 PM - Z8.3
Phase Stability of Crystalline and Amorphous Phases and Formation of Nanostructure in Zr-Pd and Zr-Pt Alloys Under Electron Irradiation.
Yukichi Umakoshi 1 , Takeshi Nagase 1 , Takashi Hosokawa 1
1 Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
Show AbstractElectron irradiation is known to induce numerous lattice defects in various crystalline phases due to electron knock-on effect resulting in amorphization. In contrast, the amorphous-to-crystal transition often occurs in several amorphous and/or supercooled liquid phase of metallic glass during electron irradiation. Electron irradiation induced crystallization of an amorphous phase in Zr-based alloys has been systematically investigated and the following features are revealed: (1) nano-crystallization, (2) suppression of coarsening of nano-crystalline precipitates and (3) different phase selection between electron irradiation and thermal annealing in quasi-crystal (QC) former type alloys. In present study the phase transition in QC former type Zr-based alloys of Zr66.7Pd33.3 and Zr80Pt20 metallic glass during thermal annealing and electron irradiation was examined. The thermal equilibrium C11b precipitates were formed in an amorphous phase of the Zr-based alloys after formation of icosahedral quasi-crystalline phase precipitation. In contrast two kinds of f.c.c. super-saturated solid solutions precipitated from an amorphous phase under 2.0MV electron irradiation at 298K. Effects of irradiation temperature and total dose on solid state amorphization, crystallization and formation of nanostructure under electron irradiation were examined. Phase stability of amorphous and crystalline phases under electron irradiation was discussed focusing on QC former-type and no QC former-type Zr-based metallic glasses.
9:00 PM - Z8.4
Shear Bands in Bulk Metallic Glasses.
Ki Buem Kim 1 , Min Ha Lee 2 , Seonghoon Yi 3 , Jayanta Das 2 , Jurgen Eckert 2
1 Department of Advacned Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul Korea (the Republic of), 2 Institute of Complex Materials, IFW-Dresden, Dresden Germany, 3 Metallurgy and Materials Science, Kyungbook National University, Daegu Korea (the Republic of)
Show Abstract9:00 PM - Z8.5
Laser Processing of a Zr-based Bulk Metallic Glass.
Hongqing Sun 1 , Katharine Flores 1
1 Materials Science and Engineering, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
Show AbstractLaser processing of metallic glasses offers the possibility of creating and repairing coatings and larger scale components with amorphous or uniquely tailored, non-equilibrium microstructures. The advantages of the localized melting and rapid solidification during laser deposition also present the opportunity to push beyond the dimensional limitation of traditional casting techniques and explore new glass forming compositions. In the present work, we use the Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENSTM) process to deposit single-layer and multi-layer Zr-based metallic glass powders on glassy and crystalline substrates of the same nominal composition. The microstructure of the deposited layers and underlying substrate are characterized as functions of the laser power and travel speed. Highly localized laser heating during single-layer deposition results in the formation of a partially amorphous layer surrounded by a crystalline heat affected zone (HAZ). Numerous different crystal morphologies are observed in the HAZ. Controlling the formation of this HAZ is crucial to the development of multi-layer amorphous deposits. The microstructure and mechanical properties of both the melt zone and the HAZ strongly depend on the processing parameters.
9:00 PM - Z8.6
Formation and Characterization of Mechanically Alloyed Ti-Cu-Ni-Sn Bulk Metallic Glass Composites Containing C Particles.
Chih-Feng Hsu 1 , Pee-Yew Lee 1
1 Institute of Materials Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung Taiwan
Show Abstract9:00 PM - Z8.7
Formation and Electrochemical Behavior of Mechanically Alloyed Cu-Zr-Ti-Ta Bulk Metallic Glass Composites.
Chien-Chung Wang 1 , Chih-Feng Hsu 1 , Hong- Ming Lin 2 , Pee-Yew Lee 1
1 Institute of Materials Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung Taiwan, 2 Department of Materials Engineering, Tatung University, Taipei Taiwan
Show Abstract9:00 PM - Z8.8
Influence of Co Addition on Magnetic Properties and Glass Formation of Fe-based Amorphous Alloys.
Rafael Piccin 1 , P. Tiberto 2 , N. Lupu 3 , H. Chiriac 3 , M. Baricco 1
1 Dip. Chimica IFM and NIS, Università di Torino, Torino Italy, 2 , Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica INRIM, Torino Italy, 3 , National Institute of Research and Development for Technical Physics, Iasi Romania
Show AbstractFerromagnetic amorphous alloys based on transition metal and metalloid elements have been extensively studied in recent years due to their outstanding magnetic properties. Such properties resulted to provide relevant contribution to technological progress, such as in power devices, information handling technology and magnetic sensors. However, the glass forming ability (GFA) of transition metals based alloys is quite limited when compared to Zr, Pd, and Mg-based alloys [1], stating a critical dimension of ~ 100 mm for Fe-based alloys that can limit their field of applications. To improve the GFA of such system, a common approach is the minor alloying addition technique [2]. Nb and Y have shown to be good candidates as alloying elements for Fe-based alloys while B and Si atoms are used both to optimize the GFA and soft magnetic properties [3]. Furthermore, Co additions can improve the soft magnetic properties together with raising Curie temperature (Tc) of Fe-based amorphous alloys [4].In the present work, the influence of Co addition on the GFA and magnetic properties of the (Fe75B20Si5)Nb4Y3 alloy is evaluated. Ribbons and 1 mm diameter ingots of ((Fe1-xCox)75B20Si5)93Nb4Y3 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 1) alloys were prepared by melt-spinning technique and Cu-mold injection casting technique, respectively. The presence of the amorphous phase was confirmed through X-ray diffraction and high temperature differential scanning calorimetry (HT-DSC). Rapid solidification leads to fully amorphous ribbons for all compositions. Conversely, ingots with Co content with x > 0.5 present boride crystalline phases.Magnetization measurements were performed by means of vibration sample magnetometer (VSM) in a temperature range 300 K < T < 1100 K to determine Tc of the amorphous phase and to follow the formation of magnetic phases at high temperatures. In addition, room-temperature hysteresis loops measurements were carried out to study the magnetic response of as-cast and thermally treated samples. Co substitution until x = 0.4 is seen to simultaneously induce in the as-cast ingots a decrease of coercive field from 880 to 370 A/m and an increase of the Curie temperature of the amorphous phase from 480 to 690 K. A maximum saturation magnetization value of 112.5 emu/g was observed in the sample having x = 0.4. The role of Co substitution on glass formation is discussed on the basis of crystallization and melting behaviors, analyzed by HT-DSC. Magnetic properties are correlated with the presence of crystalline phases and their microstructures.References1. A. Inoue, Acta mater. 48 (2000) 279-306.2. Z. P. Lu, C. T. Liu, Journ. Maters. Science 39 (2004) 3965-3974.3. R. Piccin, P. Tiberto, M. Baricco, J. Alloys Comp. 434–435 (2007) 628–632.4. C.F. Conde, A. Conde, D. Janickovic, P. Svec, J. Magn. Magn. Maters 304 (2006) e739–e742.
9:00 PM - Z8.9
Fabrication of PdxNiyP100-x-y Metallic Glass Film by Electroless Alloy Plating and its Catalyst Activity.
Yoshihide Imamura 1 , Masato Sone 1 , Akinobu Shibata 1 , Chiemi Ishiyama 1 , Yakichi Higo 1
1 , Tokyo Institute of Technology Suzukakedai Campus, Yokohama Japan
Show AbstractIn contrast with crystalline materials, metallic glasses are mechanically isotropic and structural homogeneous as well as free from defects originating from the crystal structure such as grain boundary. Moreover, the metallic glasses are soften in a supercooled liquid temperature region and exhibited the viscous flow. By using this temperature region, metallic glass can easily be formed into three dimensional shapes and reduced internal stress. Therefore, the application of metallic glass film to MEMS is examined.Metallic glass films can be fabricated by conventional processes such as sputtering and vacuum deposition. However, the films fabricated by these methods are included a lot of voids and defects. Since these defects are significantly affected the mechanical properties in micro-sized material, it is necessary to develop a new method to fabricate the metallic glass film.In this research, we focused on the electroless alloy plating method as the fabrication method of PdxNiyP100-x-y metallic glass film. Electroless plating is one of the fabrication methods of thin film, which is uniform with few voids and defects. However, there are few studies about the fabrication of metallic glass films by electroless plating.PdxNiyP100-x-y films on Cu substrate were obtained by using mixed plating solution of Pd and Ni-P systematically. Electroless alloy plating was conducted as functions of the mixture ratio of the plating solution and plating temperature. Mixture ratio is Pd:NiP=1:1, 3:1, 1:3 and plating temperature is from 303 to 333K. Ni content in the film became higher with an increase in NiP mixture ratio or plating temperature, while Pd content in the film became higher with a decrease in NiP mixture ratio or plating temperature. P content in the film was constant about 20 to 25at%. PdxNiyP100-x-y films with various x and y values were obtained by changing the mixture ratio and plating temperature. This results shows that the composition of the film can be controlled well. Structural analysis of fabricated Pd40Ni40P20 film, which was reported to be stable metallic glass, was conducted by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Diffraction pattern shows hallo-ring, which reveals that fabricated film has amorphous structure. Furthermore, flat film of Pd40Ni40P20 metallic glass showed good catalytic property for electroless NiP plating.
Symposium Organizers
Jan Schroers Yale University
Ralf Busch Universitaet des Saarlandes
Nobuyuki Nishiyama RIMCOF-Tohoku University Laboratory
Mo Li Georgia Institute of Technology
Z9: Modeling
Session Chairs
Takeshi Egami
Konrad Samwer
Thursday AM, November 29, 2007
Room 202 (Hynes)
9:30 AM - **Z9.1
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Glassforming Network Fluids.
Kurt Binder 1 , Juergen Horbach 2 , Michael Hawlitzky 1
1 Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, 2 Institute of Materials Physics in Space, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne Germany
Show AbstractMolecular Dynamics simulations of molten oxides, such asfluid silicon dioxide and germanium dioxide, based on simpleclassical pair potentials, are compared with correspondingCar-Parrinello ``ab initio'' Molecular Dynamics (CPMD) work and with experiment. It is shown that CPMD provides a significantly better account for properties on short length scales, as well as the density of states, but classical MD is still indispensable to deal with larger scales of length and time. The behavior of mean square displacement of the particles as well as the incoherent intermediate scattering function is compatible with a mode coupling description, at least at very high temperatures, while the diffusion constants show a crossover to Arrhenius behavior near the mode-coupling critical temperature of these systems. Finally, the results for the network-forming liquids are compared to those from simulations of binary metallic alloys that form a structure similar to dense-packed hard spheres.
10:00 AM - **Z9.2
Plasticity by Shear Transformations in Glassy: Metals, Polymers and Space Network Solids.
Ali Argon 1 , Michael Demkowicz 1
1 Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge , Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractGlassy solids of all types undergo plastic flow by repeated nucleation and evolution of local shear transformations (ST) which are triggered when the applied stress reaches a local threshold resistance, associated with the vanishing of an eigen-mode along the activation path. Subsequent to triggering an avalanche of sequential plastic relaxations develop in a characteristic inclusion volume resulting in a transformation shear strain of c.a. 0.015-0.035. While this scenario is common to all glassy solids, the volume and the transformation shear strain of the STs depend on the bonding type and molecular microstructure. To illustrate these processes the results of recent simulations of plasticity in amorphous Si will be presented and contrasted with cases inmetallic glasses and glassy polymers.
10:30 AM - Z9.3
Volumetric Effects on Mechanical Deformation in Metallic Glasses.
Mo Li 1 , Qi-Kai Li 1 2 , Guang-Ping Zheng 1 3
1 Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 2 Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing China, 3 Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong China
Show AbstractWithout the long-range order, mechanical deformation in metallic glasses may depend critically on local volume change. The volumetric effects have been treated systematically in the past in the so-called free volume model. In this work, we show, by using extensive atomistic modeling, the local volume change in several model glasses subject to various types of mechanical loading. The following connections between the volumetric change and the mechanical properties are established: [1] We show that the shear softening observed in amorphous solids is directly related to the decrease of the elastic modulus as caused by the increase in the local volume; [2] The shear localization or shear banding is a consequence of non-uniform distribution of the excess volumes; [3] Pre-existing local volume changes associated with defects and imperfections in a sample play an important role in initiation or nucleation of shear bands. Finally, we show a new theoretical framework derived from a generalized Ginzburg-Landau theory to describe the deformation process in metallic glasses. The correlations between the volumetric change and the deformation process are extracted naturally in this theoretical model.
10:45 AM - Z9.4
Atomistic Simulations of Shear Banding in Metallic Glasses.
Michael Falk 1 , Yunfeng Shi 2
1 Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 2 Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
Show AbstractMetallic glasses represent a promising high strength material, but their use is limited by the onset of a shear banding instability when their material strength is exceeded. Recent simulation studies of the initiation and development of localized deformation in molecular dynamics simulations of a number of amorphous systems reveal the structural changes that accompany plastic deformation and localization involve a decrease in the local short range ordering. We have simulated both two-dimensional and three-dimensional systems in nanoindentation [1,2], uniaxial tension [3] and compression [4] in plane strain. The degree of strain localization depends sensitively on the quench rate during sample preparation, with localization only arising in more gradually quenched samples. A systematic analysis of simulated systems in simple shear geometries [5] reveals that a Boltzmann-like relationship between strain rate and structure holds over large variations in both the applied strain rate and the initial structural state of the glass. Scaling is observed over eight orders of magnitude in strain rate. The consequences of this scaling for constitutive models of glass plasticity will be discussed.[1] Y. Shi and M.L. Falk, “Structural transformation and localization during simulated nanoindentation of a non-crystalline metal film,” Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 86, pp. 011914 (2005).[2] Y. Shi and M.L. Falk, “The structural origin of shear band formation in metallic glass studied via simulated nanoindentation,” Acta Materialia , in press, (2007).[3] Y. Shi and M.L. Falk, “Strain localization and percolation of stable structure in amorphous solids,” Physical Review Letters, Vol. 95, pp. 095502 (2005).[4] Y. Shi and M.L. Falk, “Atomic-scale simulations of strain localization in three-dimensional model amorphous solids,” Physical Review B, Vol. 73, pp. 214201 (2006).[5] Y. Shi, M.B. Katz, H. Li and M.L. Falk, “Evaluation of the ‘disorder temperature’ and ‘free volume’ formalisms via simulations of shear banding in amorphous solids,” Physical Review Letters, Vol. 98, 185505 (2007).
11:30 AM - **Z9.5
A Constitutive Theory for Metallic Glasses at High Homologous Temperatures.
Lallit Anand 1
1 Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractThe elastic-viscoplastic constitutive theory of Anand and Su (JMPS, 2005) for metallic glasses has been extended for application in the high homologous temperature regime. The constitutive equations appearing in the theory have been specialized to model the response of metallic glasses in the temperature range 0.7T_g to T_g and strain rate range 10^(-5) to 10^(-2)/s. The material parameters appearing in the theory have been estimated for a Pd-based metallic glassfrom the experimental data of De Hey et al. (Acta Mater, 1998). The model is shown to capture the major features of the stress-strain response, and the evolution of an order-parameter for this metallic glass. In particular, the phenomena of stress overshoot and strain softening in monotonic experiments at a given strain rate and temperature, as well as strain rate history effects inexperiments involving strain rate increments and decrements are shown to be nicely reproduced by the model. The model has been implemented in the finite element program Abaqus/Explicit by writing a user material subroutine, and somerepresentative simulations of simple high temperature deformation processing operations on metallic glasses are shown.
12:00 PM - Z9.6
Meso-scale Simulations of Flow in Metallic Glasses.
Eric Homer 1 , Christopher Schuh 1
1 Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractThere is a significant gap in the characteristic scales of the two predominant simulation methods used to study the deformation of metallic glasses, namely molecular dynamics and continuum finite element analysis. In this work we develop a complementary “meso-scale” technique which can capture the essential microscopic mechanistic behavior of metallic glasses, while realizing the longer time and length scales needed to study such behavior as shear band initiation and propagation. Using a kinetic Monte Carlo method centered around the characteristics of shear transformation zones, we simulate both the homogeneous deformation observed at high temperatures and the shear localization observed at low temperatures. We also describe our investigations of the conditions that lead to shear band formation over a variety of conditions.
12:15 PM - Z9.7
Finite Element Analysis of Crack Tip Fields in Bulk Metallic Glasses.
Parag Tandaiya 1 , R. Narasimhan 1 , U. Ramamurty 2
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore India, 2 Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore India
Show AbstractBulk metallic glasses (BMGs), in spite of their intrinsic inability to undergo extensive plastic deformation, exhibit fracture toughness values that range from those close to tough structural alloys to those of brittle silicate glasses. Experimental observations suggest that the toughness of BMGs is intimately controlled by the energy dissipation processes such as crack branching and shear banding occurring near the crack tip. However, the crack tip deformation fields are not well understood. Hence, the present work is aimed at understanding the mechanics of fracture in BMGs. For this purpose, finite element simulations under plane strain, small scale yielding conditions employing a continuum elastic-viscoplastic constitutive theory that accounts for pressure sensitivity of plastic flow, as well as localization of plastic strain into discrete shear bands, are performed. Stationary crack tip fields in metallic glasses under modes I and II as well as mixed-mode loading conditions are studied. The effect of internal friction and strain softening on the plastic zone, stress and deformation fields and notch opening profile is investigated. It is found that higher internal friction leads to a larger plastic zone size, enhanced plastic strain ahead of the notch tip and a substantial decrease in the opening stress. Thus, it appears that a higher friction parameter promotes toughening of metallic glasses. The simulated shear band patterns and brittle crack trajectories around the notch root match qualitatively with those observed in experiments. The implications of the simulation results on fracture in BMGs will be examined.
12:30 PM - Z9.8
Rate- and Temperature-dependent Shear Band Initiation and Implications on Ductile to Brittle Transition.
Yanfei Gao 1 2 , T. Nieh 1 2 , Takeshi Egami 1 2 3
1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, 2 , Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States, 3 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
Show AbstractRecent experiments have shown that inhomogeneous deformation and ductile-versus-brittle behavior in amorphous alloys critically depends on the environmental temperature and the applied strain rate, and the temperature field inside the shear band can rise up to the glass transition temperature. Based on the free volume model, a thermo-viscoplastic constitutive law is developed that models both stress-driven and thermally induced strain softening behavior. First, using a linear stability analysis, a deformation mechanism map is constructed to delineate the transition of inhomogeneous deformation from coarse to fine shear-band arrangements. Second, the competition between cleavage fracture and crack tip blunting in the amorphous alloy is studied by numerically determining the responses of a crack subjected to a history of applied stress intensity factor. The brittle fracture is modeled by a traction-separation law in the crack plane. Because of the strain softening and strain rate hardening behavior, it is found that at low loading rate, the initiation of shear bands will reduce the stress concentration, while the fracture behavior is brittle at high loading rate.
12:45 PM - Z9.9
Structural Changes Associated with Plastic Flow in Simulated Cu-Zr Glasses.
Weiqi Luo 1 , Ashwini Bharathula 1 , Wolfgang Windl 1 , Katharine Flores 1
1 Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
Show AbstractOptimizing the structural reliability of bulk metallic glass components demands a detailed understanding of the atomic structure of the glass, particularly the defects which control plastic flow. Flow defects are thought to be associated with regions of low atomic density which facilitate the required diffusion-like atomic rearrangement processes. In the present study, binary Cu-Zr amorphous alloys of known glass forming ability were modeled via molecular dynamics simulations at different quench rates. These glasses were subjected to mechanical deformation simulated via various loading modes including tension, compression and shear. Ab-initio electron density distributions for the structures before and after deformation for different quench rates were calculated. Based on the fluctuations of the electron density distribution in the structure, evolution of low atomic density regions with flow was analyzed. These results were compared and contrasted with the traditional hard-sphere model.
Z10: Mechanical Properties
Session Chairs
Akihisa Inoue
Upadrasta Ramamurty
Thursday PM, November 29, 2007
Room 202 (Hynes)
2:30 PM - **Z10.1
Fatigue Damage Formation and Evolution in Bulk Metallic Glasses.
Reinhold Dauskardt 1
1 , Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
Show AbstractThe mechanisms of fatigue damage initiation and evolution in bulk metallic glasses are not well understood and limit their use in safety-critical applications. We present experimental and computational studies of the initiation of fatigue damage obtained from stress-life experiments and the growth of fatigue cracks measured under stable and transient cyclic loading conditions. The early stages of damage initiation and propagation result in low fatigue endurance limits. The effect of fatigue load ratio was investigated for a range of tension-tension, compression-tension and fully compressive loadings. Simulation of the effects of cyclic loading on the nature and propagation of shear bands was conducted using molecular dynamics computational models. The formation and evolution of shear bands under the influence of alternating loads will be described. The evolution of fatigue damage was experimentally characterized in terms of both “small” and “long” fatigue crack growth rate behavior to elucidate the mechanism of crack growth. A focused ion beam was used to introduce well-defined distributions of initial defects to systematically elucidate damage initiation and growth processes. High-resolution techniques were used to characterize the effect of defect size, shape and orientation on damage initiation and the early stages of damage growth.
3:00 PM - **Z10.2
Statistical Study of Compressive Strength in Bulk Metallic Glasses.
W. Wu 1 , Yi Li 1 , C. Schuh 2
1 Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore, 2 Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractAt room temperature, metallic glasses generally deform through a process of highly localized shearing in narrow bands. It is frequently observed that metallic glasses or bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) tend to fail along one dominant shear band under either uniaxial compressive or tensile conditions, exhibiting very little macroscopic plasticity as there is no mechanism in stopping the runaway shear band at least in the monolithic metallic glasses. In the engineering sense, their stress-strain curves resemble those of conventional brittle materials, and so BMGs are often referred to as “macroscopically brittle” materials. To investigate the reliability of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), compressive testing has been performed on a statistically significant number of specimens. Despite the fact that BMGs exhibit little or no macroscopic plasticity before failure (similar to other brittle materials), we observe surprisingly high uniformity in compressive strength. Weibull analysis has been employed to study the statistical dispersion in strength, giving very high Weibull moduli, higher than those of conventional ceramic materials. This high uniformity is encouraging for the use of BMGs in structural applications. Furthermore, we illustrate that subtle imperfections in the test geometry (i.e., miscut or deviations from orthogonality) dramatically affect the compression response, particularly for the sample plastic deformation behavior.
3:30 PM - Z10.3
Effect of Free Volume Changes and Residual Stresses on the Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of a Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Be Bulk Metallic Glass.
Maximilien Launey 1 , Ming Liu 2 , Richard Vallery 2 , David Gidley 2 , Ralf Busch 3 , Jamie Kruzic 1
1 Mechanical Engineering Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States, 2 Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 3 Lehrstuhl für Metallische Werkstoffe, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken Germany
Show AbstractIn order to help understand the wide scatter in the reported fatigue properties reported for bulk metallic glasses, the roles of free volume and residual stress in affecting the fracture and fatigue behavior of a Zr44Ti11Ni10Cu10Be25 bulk metallic glass were examined. Different residual stress and free volume states were achieved by annealing below the glass transition temperature. The free volume of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass was varied via structural relaxation, and four different material conditions were investigated: as-received, stress-relieved, 1τ relaxed, and 10τ relaxed, where τ is the relaxation time at 610K. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to measure enthalpy differences between the relaxed and unrelaxed glasses and quantify the free volume differences. Removal of the residual thermal tempering stresses by short time annealing at 573K showed a marked decrease in the fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth thresholds. While structural relaxation also showed a pronounced effect in reducing the fracture toughness, an increase in the fatigue strength was also observed. Mechanistically, the latter effect was attributed to the crack initiation portion of the lifetime as the fatigue crack-growth behavior was found to be insensitive to bulk free volume differences. Based on these results, a new mechanism is proposed for fatigue crack growth in metallic glasses whereby the large strains at the fatigue crack tip cause a local increase in free volume that appears to dominate the local flow properties, making the initial bulk free volume state irrelevant. The increased free volume associated with this fatigue transformation zone was verified by depth profiled positron annihilation spectroscopy conducted directly on the fatigue fracture surfaces. A significantly higher increase in free volume was observed within the cyclic plastic zone where reversed plastic flow occurs during each cycle. Finally, controlling free volume and residual stresses appears to be a viable way to tailor the fracture and fatigue properties of bulk metallic glasses for given applications.
3:45 PM - Z10.4
Fracture Toughness Study on Zr-based Bulk Metallic Glasses.
Jin-yoo Suh 1 , Mary Lind 1 , C. Kim 3 , Robert Conner 2 , William Johnson 1
1 Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States, 3 , Liquidmetal Technologies, Rancho Santa Magarita, California, United States, 2 Manufacturing Systems Engineering and Management, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California, United States
Show AbstractThe fracture toughness of Zr-based bulk metallic glasses of various compositions was studied in the as-cast and annealed condition. Properties were characterized using x-ray and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ultrasound was used to measure elastic properties and fracture surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Quaternary Zr-Ti-Cu-Be alloys consistently had linear elastic fracture toughness values greater than 80 MPa√m, while Vitreloy 1, a Zr-Ti-Cu-Ni-Be alloy, had an average fracture toughness of 50 MPa√m with a large amount of scatter. The addition of iron to Vitreloy 1 reduced the fracture toughness to 25 MPa√m. Fracture surfaces were carefully analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Some samples had highly jagged patterns at the beginning stage of crack propagation, and the roughness of this jagged pattern correlated well with the measured fracture toughness values. These jagged patterns, the main source of energy dissipation in the sample, were attributed to the formation of shear bands inside the sample.The Zr-Ti-Cu-Be alloy, having K=85 MPa√m as cast, was annealed at various time/temperature combinations. When the alloy was annealed 50°C below Tg, the fracture toughness dropped to 6 MPa√m, while DSC and X-ray showed the alloy to still be amorphous. The roughness of the fracture surfaces on relaxed samples also compared well with the relative fracture toughness.
4:15 PM - **Z10.5
Effects of Relaxation on Plastic Flow and Temperature Rise of a Zr-based Bulk-Metallic Glass.
Peter K Liaw 1 , Wenhui Jiang 1 , Fengxiao Liu 1 , Hao-Hsiang Liao 1 , Hanh Choo 1 2 , Brian Edwards 3 , Bamin Khomami 3
1 Materials science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, 2 Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States, 3 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
Show AbstractEffects of Relaxation on Plastic Flow and Temperature Rise of a Zr-based Bulk-Metallic GlassP. K. Liaw,1* W. H. Jiang,1 F. X. Liu,1 H. H. Liao,1 H. Choo,1,2 B. J. Edwards,3 and B. Khomami31Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-2200, USA2Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA3Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-2200, USA*Corresponding author:
[email protected] The plastic-flow behaviors of the as-cast and the relaxed Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10.0Ti5.0 bulk-metallic glass under compression at moderately high strain rates were investigated. At the same time, using an infrared camera, we observed in-situ the dynamic deformation and measured the temperature evolution of the bulk-metallic glasses during the compression. Both glasses exhibited a significant plasticity under compression. The plastic deformation in both glasses was inhomogeneous, and characterized by serrated plastic flow and the formation of shear bands. Substantial variations in the temperatures of both glasses during the plastic deformation were observed, and are conjectured to result at least partially from shear-banding phenomena. The relaxed glass has a larger temperature rise than the as-cast glass, which can be attributed to a reduction in the free volume. The larger temperature increase in the relaxed glass may be responsible for the observed work softening. The relaxed glass also has a higher maximum attained temperature than the as-cast, which can be attributed to a stronger strain-rate dependence of the temperature rise rate and a shorter dissipation time scale for the heat due to conduction. The experimental data follow well-known model behavior, and suggest the possibility of a statistical correlation between the fluctuations of strain rates and the rates of the temperature variation. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation [NSF] International Materials Institutes [IMI] Program [DMR-0231320] with Dr. C. Huber as the Program Director.
4:45 PM - Z10.6
Shear and Spacing and Cracking of Metallic Glass Plates in Bending.
Robert Conner 1 , Yi Li 2 , Neil Payton 3 , William Johnson 4 , William Nix 5
1 Manufacturing Systems Engineering and Management, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California, United States, 2 Materials Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore, 3 , LiquidMetal Technologies, Inc., Lake Forest, California, United States, 4 Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States, 5 Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
Show AbstractMetallic glasses often exhibit marked ductility when subjected to compressive or bending loads as a result of multiple shear band formation. This observed ductility depends upon sample geometry; thin plates show ductility in bending while thicker plates of the same composition fracture under similar loading. The thickness dependence of yielding and fracture of metallic glass plates subjected to bending is considered in terms of shear band processes responsible for these properties. A model has been developed that explains shear band spacing (and length) scales with the thickness of the plate as a result of strain relaxation in the vicinity of the shear band at the surface, and is a function of the shear strain (or shear stress), the curvature, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Experimental results show that shear band spacing and length scale with the thickness of the plate at a 1:10 ratio, and shear band spacing increases with increasing curvature. The model also predicts that shear displacements in the shear band scales with the shear band length and plate thickness, causing cracks to be initiated in thicker plates at smaller bending strains. Experiments show that shear band offset increases with increasing curvature and as the plate thickness squared, in accordance with the model. As bending is increased beyond yield, shear band spacing continues to increase until the strain is accommodated by a few long shear bands. Continued bending leads to crack formation and failure. The fracture toughness of various classes of metallic glasses, e.g., Zr-based, Fe-based, Pd-based, Cu-based, are compared using the model, with respect to their respective elastic constants.
5:00 PM - Z10.7
Another Key to Understand the Yield Phenomenon in a Zr-based Bulk Metallic Glass.
Hidemi Kato 1 , Hitoshi Igarashi 2 , Akihisa Inoue 1
1 Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan, 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai Japan
Show AbstractTemperature dependence of yield point in a Zr55Al10Ni5Cu30 bulk metallic glass (BMG) in a wide glassy temperature region from the ambient (TRT= 293 K) to the glass transition temperature (684 K at 0.67 K/s) was investigated experimentally under the quasi-static compressive test at strain rates of 1×10-4 s-1 and 1×10-3 s-1.The yield point was defined at which the stress-strain curve deflected from the initial linear trend in this study. The yield stress (σy) was found to decrease with temperature with a slope of -1.37 MPa/K in the inhomogeneous deformation temperature-region from TRT to 584 K (= 0.85Tg), then -14.5 MPa/K up to Tg in the homogeneous deformation region. The Shear Transformation Zone (STZ)1) model fitted very well the experimental data of yield strain (εy=σy/E where E = -2.9×10-2 T+ 101 (GPa) as estimated from measurement by an ultrasonic vibration method2)) with considerably reasonable parameters, e.g., the critical shear strain (γc) governing the athermal shear stress = 0.035 and the critical energy barrier for initiating the shear event (τsΩs)= 53 kTg for the inhomogeneous region, and the activation energy (Q)= 34 kTg and the characteristic STZ volume (Ω0)∼ 16 atomic volume for the homogeneous region. Meanwhile, the apparent Young’s modulus (Eap), a slope of the initial linear trend on the stress-strain curve, Eap was found to depend on both strain rate and temperature. Therefore, Eap is considered to include the relaxation effect on the elastic response of the sample as same as the storage modulus which is usually measured by the dynamic vibration method. Because Eap decreased with temperature in the same manner as σy at the glassy temperature region, the yield strain (εy=σy/Eap) was found to keep a constant ∼0.02 as the same value as the “universal” critical strain for a number of BMGs at TRT. This result provides another key to understand the yield mechanism in BMGs.1) A. S. Argon Acta Metall 27 (1979) 47.2) T. Ichitsubo et al. Scripta Mater 49 (2003) 267.
5:15 PM - Z10.8
Elastic Strain Measurements by High Energy X-ray Scattering for Metallic Glasses Loaded in Tension and Shear.
Uday Vempati 1 , Jon Almer 2 , Todd Hufnagel 1
1 Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 2 Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States
Show AbstractElastic strains in metallic glasses can be measured accurately using x-ray scattering, from either the reciprocal space data or the Fourier-transformed real space data. The real-space data can also be used to examine the variation of strain with length scale, by examining shifts of different peaks in the pair correlation function. In prior work, we showed that under uniaxial compression the strain in the nearest-neighbor atomic shell for a Zr-based bulk metallic glass was smaller than the strain in the higher-order shells, a difference we attributed to the effect of anelastic relaxations on the structure. Here, we report the results of experiments performed under uniaxial tension and (nominally) pure shear. The macroscopic elastic constants obtained from these measurements are in reasonable agreement with other measurements for alloys of similar composition. As with the compression experiments, in both tension and shear we found the strain in the nearest neighbor shell to be consistently smaller than that in the higher-order atomic shells. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that the length-scale dependence of strain is due to anelastic structural relaxations.