Symposium Organizers
Milos Nesladek, IMEC Leuven amp; Hasselt University
David Awschalom, University of Chicago
Fedor Jelezko, University Ulm
Dmitry Budker, Johannes Gutenberg University/University of California, Berkeley
Symposium Support
Seki Diamond Systems
ED12.1/ED1.1: Joint Session I: Solid-State Quantum Matter I
Session Chairs
Tuesday PM, April 18, 2017
PCC North, 100 Level, Room 132 A
11:30 AM - *ED12.1.01/ED1.1.01
Creating Quantum Technologies with Spins in Semiconductors
David Awschalom 1
1 , University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
Show AbstractThere is a growing interest in exploiting the quantum properties of electronic and nuclear spins for the manipulation and storage of information in the solid state. Such schemes offer fundamentally new scientific and technological opportunities by leveraging elements of traditional electronics to precisely control coherent interactions between electrons, nuclei, and electromagnetic fields. Although conventional electronics avoid disorder, recent efforts embrace materials with incorporated defects whose special electronic and nuclear spin states allow the processing of information in a fundamentally different manner because of their explicitly quantum nature [1]. These defects possess desirable qualities – their spin states can be controlled at and above room temperature, they can reside in a material host amenable to microfabrication, and they can have an optical interface near the telecom bands. Here we focus on recent developments that exploit precise quantum control techniques to explore coherent spin dynamics and interactions. In particular, we manipulate and measure the geometric (Berry) phase of a single spin in diamond using all-optical control techniques [2], and investigate the robustness of this control pathway to noise as well as its viability for implementations of photonic networks of quantum states. Separately, we find that defect-based electronic states in silicon carbide can be isolated at the single spin level [3] with surprisingly long spin coherence times, can achieve near-unity nuclear polarization [4] and be robustly entangled at room temperature [5]. Finally, we identify and characterize a new class of optically controllable defect spin based on chromium impurities in the wide-bandgap semiconductors silicon carbide and gallium nitride [6].
[1] D.D. Awschalom, L.C. Bassett, A.S. Dzurak, E.L. Hu and J.R. Petta, Science 339, 1174 (2013).
[2] C. G. Yale, F. J. Heremans, B. B. Zhou, et al., Nature Photonics 10, 184 (2016); BB. Zhou et al., Nature Physics, accepted (2016).
[3] D. J. Christle, A. L. Falk, P. Andrich, P. V. Klimov, et al., Nature Materials 14, 160 (2015); D. J. Christle et al., (2016).
[4] A. L. Falk, P. V. Klimov, et al., Physical Review Letters 114, 247603 (2015).
[5] P. V. Klimov, A. L. Falk, D. J. Christle, V. V. Dobrovitski, and D. D. Awschalom, Science Advances 1, e1501015 (2015).
[6] W. F. Koehl et al., arXiv:1608.08255 (2016).
12:00 PM - *ED12.1.02/ED1.1.02
Single Photon Emitters—Diamond and Beyond
Igor Aharonovich 1
1 , University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
Show AbstractOver the last decade diamond has emerged as a promising platform for quantum technologies due to its ability to host plethora of quantum emitters. While initial research has been focused predominantly on the NV center in diamond, several alternative promising candidates have emerged over the last decade.
In this talk I will review the recent progress on the SiV defect in diamond and show that even small nanodiamonds can host nearly transform limited emitters. I will show how to couple these emitters to cavities and show promising avenues to trigger them electrically.
At the second part of my talk I will review other platforms that host previously unexplored single emitters – namely two dimensional (2D) hexagonal boron nitride. This promising atomically thin van der waals material can host ultra bright defect that can be engineered in bulk and in a monolayer. I will show our recent results on characterizing them and eingeering them using ion implantation and electron beam irradiation techniques. I will also discuss the challenges and the advantages of working with quantum emitters in a 2D platform.
12:30 PM - *ED12.1.03/ED1.1.03
Single Photon Sources in Silicon Carbide
Alexander Lohrmann 1 , Timothy Karle 1 , Stefania Castelleto 2 , Naoya Iwamoto 3 , Marco Negri 4 , Matteo Bosi 4 , Jeffrey McCallum 1 , Adam Gali 5 6 , Takeshi Ohshima 3 , Brett Johnson 1
1 , University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 2 , RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3 , National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki Japan, 4 , IMEM-CNR Institute, Parma Italy, 5 , Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest Hungary, 6 , Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest Hungary
Show AbstractSingle defects in silicon carbide have unique properties amenable to applications in emerging quantum technologies such as quantum cryptography and quantum information processing. Understanding the formation of isolated single defects, their properties and atomic identity is a challenging and active area of research. In addition, single defect integration into devices to allow their properties to be modified, enhanced or efficiently addressed also presents some interesting obstacles.
We have recently discovered a new class of color center that can be employed as a single photon source and can be formed in a number of different SiC polytypes (3C, 6H, 4H) by a simple oxidation procedure. Photons emitted from these centers are highly polarized, within the visible wavelength range, photo stable and can be produced at high count rates. Interestingly, despite having properties suggestive of a high symmetry defect, they show a spectral variability which cannot be explained by a point defect with multiple charge states or possible lattice sites. This suggests that a more complex structure or interaction is operative. Although direct evidence for their atomic origin remains elusive, detailed measurements suggest that they exist very close to the SiC/SiO2 interface. Defects on the Si and C-face also show subtle differences that may significantly narrow possible candidate structures.
Having explored the optical properties of these surface-related single photon sources we also leverage the mature device fabrication protocols available for SiC to integrate them into both electrical light emitting diodes and photonic structures. The electroluminescence of a pn junction single photon emitting diode formed by ion implantation also displays fully polarized output, excellent photon statistics (with a count rate of >300 kHz), and high stability in both continuous and pulsed modes, all at room temperature. A unique method to accurately position and align the polarization dipole of a single defect within a micro-disk resonator is also demonstrated. All methods employed here are equally compatible with other SiC defects. These results provide a foundation for the possible large-scale integration of single photon sources into a broad range of emerging quantum applications.
ED12.2/ED1.2: Joint Session II: Advanced Spin Control for Quantum Technology
Session Chairs
Tuesday PM, April 18, 2017
PCC North, 100 Level, Room 132 A
2:30 PM - *ED12.2.01/ED1.2.01
Color Centers Coupled to Nanobeam Cavities in 4H Silicon Carbide—Beyond "Simple" Resonant Enhancement
Evelyn Hu 1 , David Bracher 1 , Xingyu Zhang 1 , Rodrick Defo 1 , Efthimios Kaxiras 1
1 , Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractSilicon carbide (SiC) has recently garnered attention for its spin-coherent, luminescent defect centers (color centers), occurring in a variety of polytypes. Coupling of these color centers to high quality optical cavities can augment the photonic signature of the defect, allowing for longer-distance, robust information transfer of the color center state. In addition, the optical cavities can serve as exquisitely sensitive “nanoscopes” with the spatial and spectral resolution necessary to uncover details of the atomic environment of the rich set of defects within the SiC lattice.
We have fabricated numerous high-quality factor (Q) nanobeam photonic crystal cavities (PCC) in 4H-SiC, whose resonant frequencies have been designed to match either divacancy centers with photoluminescence (PL) emission ranging from 1070-1300 nm or negatively charged silicon vacancy centers with PL emission spanning 860-1100 nm. The best coupling conditions require a match between the frequency of the cavity mode and color center emission, as well as an overlap between color center position and the spatial extent of the cavity mode.
Color centers were introduced into fabricated one-dimensional nanobeam PCC’s either through ion implantation or electron irradiation. Subsequent thermal annealing resulted in improvements in the cavity Qs, as well as changes in the intensities of the cavity modes, likely due to alteration of the cavity-defect coupling as the defects move within the cavity. We believe the cavities thus provide a means of sensitively monitoring the spatial migration of defects. Work is ongoing to model the stability and migration behavior of silicon vacancies in 4H-SiC. Ultimately, detailed understanding of such behavior may provide insights into approaches for deterministic placement of defects within the cavity.
3:00 PM - *ED12.2.02/ED1.2.02
Theory of Dynamic Nuclear Polarization through Hybrid Registers in Diamond and SiC
Viktor Ivady 1 2 , Igor Abrikosov 1 , Adam Gali 2
1 , Linköping University, Linköping Sweden, 2 , Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest Hungary
Show AbstractElectron spin-nuclear spin hybrid registers in semiconductors exhibit rapidly increasing potential in diverse entanglement based applications thanks to the long nuclear spin coherence time and the electron spin's addressability. Point defect quantum bits (qubits) in diamond and silicon carbide (SiC) have stood out in implementing such registers. The coupling of the spins in hybrid registers makes efficient dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) possible, which can lead to near unity nuclear spin initialization fidelity as well as to the hyperpolarization of the host material.
In my talk, I discuss the theoretical model and simulations of DNP processes that utilize efficient nuclear spin-electron spin coupling either in the excited or in the ground state of point defect qubits. I show that the different lifetime of the excited and ground states causes different characteristics of the DNP processes. Through this realization recent experimental observations can be understood. Furthermore, I show that in the ground state process the longer lifetime allows weakly coupled hybrid registers, which can exhibit a magnetic field dependent, reversible polarization process. By such mechanism, radio-frequency-free manipulation of nuclear spins’ initial state is possible.
3:30 PM - *ED12.2.03/ED1.2.03
Silicon Vacancies in Silicon Carbide as a Novel Quantum System
Sang-Yun Lee 1 2 , Matthias Widmann 1 , Matthias Niethammer 1 , Roland Nagy 1 , Ian Booker 3 , Pontus Stenberg 3 , Olof Kordina 3 , Li-Ping Yang 4 , Nguyen Son 3 , Ivan Ivanov 3 , Nan Zhao 4 , Ilja Gerhardt 1 , Cristian Bonato 5 , Sophia Economou 6 , Takeshi Ohshima 7 , Adam Gali 8 , Erik Janzen 3 , Joerg Wrachtrup 1 9
1 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE) and IQST, Stuttgart Germany, 2 Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do Korea (the Republic of), 3 Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping Sweden, 4 , Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing China, 5 Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh United Kingdom, 6 Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States, 7 , National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki Japan, 8 , Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest Hungary, 9 , Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart Germany
Show AbstractDiamond has been known as a successful host material embedding defect based quantum systems. The well-known examples are point defects, e.g. the NV centers, which possess long-lived electronic and nuclear spins whose detection is possible thanks to their efficient control and coupling to the fluorescence properties. Silicon carbide (SiC) also features promising properties similar to diamond such as the wide bandgap in which deep defects can exist without interfering with other electronic states. It also provides a diluted spin bath due to the zero nuclear spin of the naturally abundant carbon-12 and silicon-28, and the low concentration of paramagnetic impurities in high purity SiC single crystals. Among many point defects, which recently have been successfully isolated, the silicon vacancy (VSi) is one of the attracting quantum systems in SiC since strong spin-dependent recombination allows optical detection of electronic spin states which are also long-lived [1,2]. In this presentation, we will introduce how one can create single VSi defects, and optically readout their coherent spin state. We will also present how the VSi can be used for quantum metrology, e.g. vector magnetometry [3,4]. Finally, the coherent optical and spin properties studied at low temperature will be introduced to discuss the possibility of use of the VSi in SiC as a qubit for integrated quantum computing and communication devices.
[1] M. Widmann et al., Coherent control of single spins in silicon carbide at room temperature. Nat Mater. 14, 164–168 (2015).
[2] L.-P. Yang et al., Electron spin decoherence in silicon carbide nuclear spin bath. Phys. Rev. B. 90, 241203 (2014).
[3] S.-Y. Lee, M. Niethammer, J. Wrachtrup, Vector magnetometry based on S=3/2 electronic spins. Phys. Rev. B. 92, 115201 (2015).
[4] M. Niethammer et al., Vector Magnetometry Using Silicon Vacancies in 4H-SiC Under Ambient Conditions. Phys. Rev. Appl. 6, 34001 (2016).
4:00 PM - ED12.2/ED1.2
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ED12.3/ED1.3: Joint Session III: Spintronics and Optomechanics
Session Chairs
Brett Johnson
Ren-Bao Liu
Tuesday PM, April 18, 2017
PCC North, 100 Level, Room 132 A
4:30 PM - *ED12.3.01/ED1.3.01
Nanomechanical Sensing Using Spins in Diamond
Marcus Doherty 1
1 , Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Show AbstractIn this presentation, I will report preliminary steps towards realising highly sensitive nano-spin-mechanical sensors (NSMS) using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect centers in diamond nanomechanical structures. Such NSMS represent a new class of nanomechanical sensor that combines the well-established quantum nanometrology techniques of the NV center with mechanical sensing techniques from NEMS. By doing so, NSMS have novel nanometrology applications, such as combined on-chip mass spectrometry and magnetic resonance imaging of single molecules. The novel applications of NSMS will mostly likely benefit the fields of cellular biomechanics and molecular biochemistry. However, it is also possible that this new class of sensor will have diverse applications that are yet to be conceived.
5:00 PM - *ED12.3.02/ED1.3.02
Nuclear Spintronics in Silicon Carbide
Abram Falk 1 2 , Paul Klimov 2 , David Christle 2 , Hosung Seo 2 , Giulia Galli 2 , David Awschalom 2
1 , IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, United States, 2 Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
Show AbstractNuclear spins in room-temperature liquids were among the first platforms explored for executing quantum algorithms. However, the small nuclear magnetic moment, which gives nuclei their long-lived spin coherence, also prevents them from reaching a large polarization in equilibrium. For instance, even at 25 mK and in a 10-T magnetic field, only 10% of thermalized 29Si nuclei will be polarized. In this talk, I will show how optically pumped dynamic nuclear polarization can align 99% of nuclear spins at specific SiC lattice sites in ambient conditions [1, 2]. I will then discuss how this high polarization allows us to produce an ensemble of genuinely entangled electron-nuclear spin pairs [3]. Finally, I’ll discuss how the binary atomic nature of the SiC crystal can suppress nuclear spin flip-flops, leading to unusually long electron spin coherence times that exceed 1 ms [4]. These results lay a foundation for hyperpolarized magnetic-resonance-imaging probes and quantum networks of nuclear spins.
[1] Falk et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 247603 (2015).
[2] Ivady et al., arXiv:1605.07931 (2016)
[3] Klimov et al., Sci. Adv. 1, e1501015 (2015).
[4] Seo et al., Nat. Commun. 7, 12935 (2016)
5:30 PM - *ED12.3.03/ED1.3.03
Tunneling-Mediated Charge Transfer between Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers and Nitrogen Impurities in Type-1b Diamond
Siddharth Dhomkar 1 , Jacob Henshaw 1 , Pablo Zangara 1 , Audrius Alkauskas 2 , Carlos Meriles 1
1 , City College of New York, New York, New York, United States, 2 , Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius Lithuania
Show AbstractWe use confocal microscopy to examine the ionization of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) centers in nitrogen-rich diamond. We find that the fluorescence time trace of micron-sized NV- ensembles under red excitation depends on the illumination history. In particular, we show that continued exposure to weak green light for long time intervals dramatically alters the NV- effective ionization rates. We interpret these observations in terms of a tunneling-enabled process of charge transfer between NVs and surrounding nitrogen impurities, a phenomenon we tackle for the first time using ab-initio calculations and Monte Carlo modeling. Our study suggests that the asymmetry between ‘light-induced’ and ‘dark’ charge tunneling leads to preferential charge depletion in the nanoscale vicinity of the NVs, a form of trapped charge heterogeneity that seems to underpin our observations. These results complement prior studies on the charge dynamics of individual NVs, and serve as a platform for future NV charge control experiments in the presence of co-existing defects.
Symposium Organizers
Milos Nesladek, IMEC Leuven amp; Hasselt University
David Awschalom, University of Chicago
Fedor Jelezko, University Ulm
Dmitry Budker, Johannes Gutenberg University/University of California, Berkeley
Symposium Support
Seki Diamond Systems
ED12.4/ED1.4: Joint Session IV: Solid-State Quantum Matter II
Session Chairs
Wednesday AM, April 19, 2017
PCC North, 100 Level, Room 132 A
9:00 AM - *ED12.4.01/ED1.4.01
Engineering Single-Photon Sources in Hexagonal Boron Nitride
Lee Bassett 1
1 , University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Show AbstractLow-dimensional materials hosting single spins and single photon sources can provide unique functionality for quantum technologies due to intrinsic spatial confinement and the ability to create multifunctional layered materials. One such example is hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), a two-dimensional wide-bandgap semiconductor that hosts isolated single-photon sources exhibiting visible fluorescence at room temperature. An understanding of the physics underlying h-BN’s quantum emission is critical to the realization of new applications with this material, together with reliable methods for defect creation and identification and control of environmental perturbations. To that end, we have studied the optical properties of quantum emitters in exfoliated, single-crystal h-BN and their creation via electron bombardment and high-temperature annealing [1]. Spectral, temporal, polarization, and spatial characteristics of the defects’ emission point to complex electronic and chemical structure, and comparisons of emission from free-standing and supported h-BN membranes indicate strong substrate interaction effects. The measurements constrain possible defect models and will aid in the development of precision quantum sensors, nanophotonic devices, and other quantum technologies based on h-BN and layered materials.
[1] A. L. Exarhos, D. A. Hopper, R. R. Grote, A. Alkauskas, and L. C. Bassett, ACS Nano, Article ASAP, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00665
This work was supported by the Army Research Office (W911NF-15-1-0589) and NSF MRSEC (DMR-1120901).
9:30 AM - *ED12.4.02/ED1.4.02
Engineering of Highly Coherent Spin Defects in Silicon Carbide
Vladimir Dyakonov 1 , Dmitrij Simin 1 , Hannes Kraus 1 , Andreas Sperlich 1 , Takeshi Ohshima 2 , Georgy Astakhov 1
1 , University of Wuerzburg, Wurzburg Germany, 2 , National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki Japan
Show AbstractIn oder to achieve long-lived electron spin coherence in solid state, expensive and non-trivial engineering with spin-free nuclear isotopes is usually required.We demonstrate that silicon carbide (SiC) even with natural isotope abundance can preserve a coherent spin superposition in silicon vacancies over unexpectedly long time approaching hundred milliseconds. This spin locking is attained through the suppression of heteronuclear spin cross-talking by applying a magnetic field above ten millitesla in combination with dynamic decoupling from nuclear spin baths. We also find that the spin-lattice relaxation time, which is the ultimate limit for spin coherence, tends to ten seconds at cryogenic temperature. Our approach may be extended to other polyatomic compounds and lead to improvement of quantum sensors based on spin-locking protocols.
10:00 AM - *ED12.4.03/ED1.4.03
Spins in Silicon Carbide for Quantum Technologies
Paul Klimov 1 , Abram Falk 1 2 , David Christle 1 , Hosung Seo 1 , Viktor Ivady 3 4 , Adam Gali 4 , Giulia Galli 1 , David Awschalom 1
1 Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States, 2 T.J. Watson Research Center, IBM, Yorktown Heights, New York, United States, 3 Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping Sweden, 4 Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest Hungary
Show AbstractOver the past several decades, silicon carbide has established itself as a versatile material platform for high-power electronics, optoelectronics, and micromechanical devices. These technologies have been driven by advanced device processing capabilities, and the availability of large-area, single-crystal wafers. Recent advances have also established silicon carbide as a promising host for a novel class of quantum technologies based on the spin of intrinsic color centers, with the potential of leveraging existing device fabrication protocols alongside solid-state quantum control. Among these color centers are the divacancies. These color centers have built-in optical interfaces near the telecommunication wavelengths and highly coherent electron spins associated with them that can be manipulated with magnetic, electric, optical, and strain fields. In this talk I will discuss how these electron spins can be interfaced with the nuclear spins of 13C and 29Si isotopic defects to form multi-spin systems, which are attractive for many prospective quantum technologies [1]. Although nuclear spins are a primary source of decoherence in this system [2], the hyperfine interaction can be used to initialize [3, 4, 5], manipulate, and measure them, establishing them as a valuable resource. I will conclude the talk with an outlook and discuss important challenges in this rapidly developing field.
[1] Klimov et al., Sci. Adv. 1, e1501015 (2015).
[2] Seo et al., Nat. Commun. 7, 12935 (2016)
[3] Falk et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 247603 (2015).
[4] Ivady et al., Phys. Rev. B. 92, 115206 (2015).
[5] Ivady et al., arXiv:1605.07931 (2016)
10:30 AM - *ED12.4.04/ED1.4.04
Towards Coherent Manipulation of Single NV Spins Using Hybrid Photoelectric MR Detection
Milos Nesladek 1 , Michal Gulka 1 , Emilie Bourgeois 1
1 , imec Leuven & Hasselt University, Diepenbeek Belgium
Show AbstractRecently demonstrated photoelectric detection of NV magnetic resonances (PDMR) in diamond (1) opens pathways towards realisation of electrical diamond quantum chips with a scalable architecture. An essential advantage compared to ODMR is the detection rate enhancement, the device miniaturisation and integration. Here we demonstrate development of robust electro-optical protocols for coherent control and readout of spins applied to shallow N-implanted quantum-grade diamond. We discuss the device fabrication and optimisation, the charge carrier injection and the characteristics of the photoelectric gain, allowing establishing highly sensitive detection. We downscale the detection from large ( > 1000) to small ensembles of several spins ( < 5 ) and outline the prospect towards the single spin detection and device fabrication. We discuss the S/N ratio and analyse the mechanism for the electronic noise and its spectrum. Basic pulsed protocols (Rabi, Ramsay, Hahn) are demonstrated and benchmarked to ODMR.
(1) Bourgeois E. et al., Nat. Com. 6, doi: 10.1038/ncomms9577 (2015)
(2) Bourgeois E. et al., arXiv:1607.00961 (2016)
11:00 AM - ED12.4/ED1.4
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ED12.5/ED1.5: Joint Session V: Advanced Spin Control for Sensing
Session Chairs
Wednesday PM, April 19, 2017
PCC North, 100 Level, Room 132 A
11:30 AM - *ED12.5.01/ED1.5.01
Advanced Spin Control for Enhanced Sensing Using NV Centers in Diamond
Nir Bar-Gill 1 , Dmitry Farfurnik 1 , Andrey Jarmola 2 , Linh Pham 3 , Zhihui Wang 4 , Viatcheslav Dobrovitski 5 , Ron Walsworth 3 6 , Dmitry Budker 7 2
1 Applied Physics and Physics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem Israel, 2 Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States, 3 Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, 4 Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States, 5 , Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa, United States, 6 , Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, 7 Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz Germany
Show AbstractNitrogen-Vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond provide a unique nanoscale quantum spin system embedded in a solid-state structure. As such they are well suited for studies in a wide variety of fields, with emerging applications ranging from quantum information processing to magnetic field sensing and nano-MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging).
In this talk I will describe our research into understanding and controlling these systems, with the goal of enabling fundamental research and future applications. I will present the techniques used for manipulation of the NV centers, and for enhancing their quantum coherence lifetime. Specifically, I will describe our recent work on extending the coherence time of arbitrary quantum states, achieving 30 ms coherence times at low temperatures. I will then present our recent work on modulated continuous driving, as well as on polarization transfer schemes, relevant in the context of quantum sensing.
12:00 PM - *ED12.5.02/ED1.5.02
Novel Sensing Schemes for Frequency Tracking and Resolution
Alex Retzker 1
1 Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Racah Institute of Physics, Jerusalem Israel
Show AbstractPrecise time-keeping is critical to measurements of energy, distance, frequency and fundamental constants. In spectroscopy, time-keeping precision defines the spectral resolution. Ultimately, measurement accuracy is limited by the stability of the measuring clock. In quantum metrology, where the phase of a qubit is used to detect external fields, the qubit coherence time defines the clock stability, and therefore the measurement linewidth and precision. In this talk I will present a quantum sensing protocol for classical fields where the measurement linewidth goes beyond the sensor coherence time and is limited by the stability of a classical oscillator. Using this technique it is possible to observe a precision in frequency estimation which scales as T^{-3/2}. The high spectral resolution diamond magnetometer was applied to sensing of nanoscale magnetic fields with an intrinsic frequency resolution of 600µHz. with single quantum coherent spins in diamond.
12:30 PM - *ED12.5.03/ED1.5.03
Nitrogen-Vacancy Diamond Sensor—Novel Diamond Surfaces and Interaction with Spins
Adam Gali 1 2 , Jyh-Pin Chou 1 , Viktor Ivady 1 3 , Zoltan Bodrog 1 , Peter Udvarhelyi 1 4
1 , Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest Hungary, 2 Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest Hungary, 3 , Linköping University, Linköping Sweden, 4 , Roland Eötvös Science University, Budapest Hungary
Show AbstractHere we present recent ab initio simulation results on realistic novel diamond surfaces, in order to optimize the spin and optical properties of shallow nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres for sensor applications. In addition, we analyse the interaction between densely engineered NV centres by finding the critical distance where the NV centres may form NV “molecules”. In addition, we show analysis of the interaction of nearby NV centres and substitutional nitrogen donors in diamond or spins at the diamond surface that might be useful in understanding the spinpolarization of other spin centres in diamond such as N3V defect.
We have recently developed a detailed model for the optical dynamic nuclear spinpolarization (ODNP) of defects in diamond and silicon carbide that can simultaneously take into account the polarization in the ground and excited electronic state regimes. We shall briefly discuss the ODNP for different qubits in diamond and silicon carbide with various zero-field-splitting and hyperfine coupling parameters.
ED12.6/ED1.6: Joint Session VI: Sensing of Single Spins
Session Chairs
Patrick Maletinsky
Jean-Francois Roch
Wednesday PM, April 19, 2017
PCC North, 100 Level, Room 132 A
2:30 PM - *ED12.6.01/ED1.6.01
Sensing Single Molecular Spins
Joerg Wrachtrup 1 2
1 , University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart Germany, 2 , Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, IQST, Stuttgart Germany
Show AbstractDiamond defect centers are capable of sensing single electron and nuclear spins. Detecting nuclear magnetic resonance is getting a wide-spread technique. Yet, diamond defect center spin detected nuclear magnetic resonance so far misses the required spectral resolution to detect chemical shift or J coupling. In my talk I will demonstrate chemical shift resolution of both proton and fluorine nuclear spins. Currently, there are only few reports on detecting electrons spins. Mostly this is because either moleculear electron spins tend to be unstable under optical illumination and other paramagnetic species, like defects in solids, are challenging to position close to diamond spin centers. Well chosen molecular spins, however prove to be excellent systems to be detected by diamond spin sensors. I will describe our recent progress towards detecting single spins on proteins and show how to measure spin-spin coupling on proteins.
3:00 PM - *ED12.6.02/ED1.6.02
Single-Molecule Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy by Diamond Sensor
Fazhan Shi 1
1 Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei China
Show AbstractSingle molecule science and technology have unique abilities to probe molecular structure, dynamics and function, unhindered by the averaging inherent in ensemble experiments. Single molecule science is one of the ultimate goals in magnetic resonance and will has great applications in a broad range of scientific areas, from life science to physics and chemistry. To achieve the scientific goal, we choose single spins in solids based on NV defect center in diamond - (NV) as the sensitivity magnetic probe. Ultra-long spin coherence time for such qubits, even at room temperature, enables it is ultra-sensitivity to external magnetic noise with characteristic frequency.
We and co-workers successfully obtained the first single-protein spin resonance spectroscopy under ambient conditions [1], realized atomic-scale structure analysis of single nuclear-spin clusters in diamond [2], succeeded in detection of (5nm)3 hydrogen nuclear spin magnetic resonance spectroscopy [3] and detection of a single dark electron spin[4]. In the work on the single-protein magnetic resonance spectroscopy[1], the NV center in diamond is used to detect a nitroxide labeled protein and gained the magnetic resonance spectrum of single protein through electron spin resonance under ambient conditions. We not only revealed the position and orientation of the spin label relative to the NV center, but also elucidate the dynamical motions of the protein on the diamond surface. Now, we are detecting the coupling signal of electron spin pairs on a single molecule.
References:
[1] Fazhan Shi, Qi Zhang, Pengfei Wang, Hongbin Sun, Jiarong Wang, Xing Rong, Ming Chen, Chenyong Ju, Friedemann Reinhard, Hongwei Chen, Joerg Wrachtrup, Junfeng Wang, and Jiangfeng Du. Single-protein spin resonance spectroscopy under ambient conditions, Science, 347, 1135 (2015)
[2] Fazhan Shi, Xi Kong, Pengfei Wang, Fei Kong, Nan Zhao, Renbao Liu, and Jiangfeng Du. Sensing and atomic-scale structure analysis of single nuclear spin clusters in diamond, Nature Physics, 10, 21 (2014)
[3] Tobias Staudacher, Fazhan Shi, S. Pezzagna, Jan Meijer, Jiangfeng Du, Carlos A. Meriles, Friedemann Reinhard, Joerg Wrachtrup. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on a (5nm)3 volume of liquid and solid samples, Science, 339, 561 (2013)
[4] Fazhan Shi, Qi Zhang, Boris Naydenov, Fedor Jelezko, Jiangfeng Du, Friedemann Reinhard, and Joerg Wrachtrup. Quantum logic readout and cooling of a single dark electron spin, Phys. Rev. B, 87, 195414 (2013)
3:30 PM - ED12.6/ED1.6
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4:30 PM - *ED12.6.03/ED1.6.03
Quantum Sensing and Imaging with Diamond Color Centers
Fedor Jelezko 1
1 Institute of Quantum Optics, University Ulm, Ulm Germany
Show AbstractTBA- Please provide abstract body as soon as possible
5:00 PM - *ED12.6.04/ED1.6.04
Coherent Few-Spin Systems in Diamond Nanocrystals for Quantum Sensing
Helena Knowles 1
1 , University of Cambridge, Cambridge United Kingdom
Show AbstractA system consisting of a bright spin coherently coupled to a dark spin cluster has been at the heart of many exciting proposals in recent years, from implementations of spin chains to environment-assisted schemes that enhance the performance of a single-spin magnetic field sensor1,2. Realised in a nanodiamond crystal such a cluster could transform the performance of a unique sensing device that enables temperature and magnetic field measurements inside living cells. Experimental progress on this front has been promising, albeit hindered by the limited ability to polarise, control and readout dark spins.
In this talk I will show how we use the nitrogen-vacancy centre in diamond (NV) to polarise and probe individual spins of a cluster formed of three nitrogen (N) electron spins surrounding the NV. We locate the N spins to within a few lattice sites and report the first observation of coherent spin exchange between NV and N electron spins3, essential for any exploitation of such multi-spin systems. Key to the success of these experiments is the use of a nanodiamond particle, which provides a contained spin ensemble, leading to reduced spin polarisation diffusion4.
I will also show our ability to address and coherently control nuclear spins close to the NV centre. The long coherence times provided by nuclear spins allow for enhanced sensitivity of such a hybrid system, which is of particular interest for NV centres in diamond nanocrystals as they typically have short coherence times (~μs) compared with their bulk counterparts (~ms). We observe a coherence time enhancement of two orders of magnitude for the NV-nuclear spin coupled system in diamond nanocrystals.
[1] G. Goldstein et al. PRL 106 140502 (2011), [2] N. Yao et al. Nat. Commun. 3 800 (2012), [3] H. Knowles et al. PRL 117 100802 (2016), [4] H. Knowles et al. Nat. Mater. 13 21-25 (2014)
5:30 PM - *ED12.6.05/ED1.6.05
Nanoscale Imaging of Current Density with A Single-Spin Magnetometer
Kevin Chang 1 , Alexander Eichler 1 , Jan Rhensius 1 , Luca Lorenzelli 1 , Marius Palm 1 , Christian Degen 1
1 , ETH Zurich, Zurich Switzerland
Show AbstractSingle defects in diamond, especially the nitrogen vacancy impurity (NV center), can serve as sensitive probes for magnetic fields with nanoscale spatial resolution. In this talk, we will summarize recent efforts at exploiting single NV centers for visualizing current flow in metal nanowires and carbon nanotubes [1]. Using a scanning apparatus, we are able to measure and reconstruct both DC and microwave currents with spatial resolutions down to below 30 nm. Current density imaging offers a new route for studying electronic transport and conductance variations in two-dimensional materials and devices, with many exciting applications in condensed matter physics.
References:
[1] K. Chang, A. Eichler, and C. L. Degen, Nanoscale imaging of current density with a single-spin magnetometer, arXiv:1609.09644.
ED12.7: Poster Session
Session Chairs
Thursday AM, April 20, 2017
Sheraton, Third Level, Phoenix Ballroom
9:00 PM - ED12.7.01
A Silicon Carbide Based Quantum Vector Magnetometer
Matthias Niethammer 1 , Matthias Widmann 1 , Sang-Yun Lee 1 , Pontus Stenberg 2 , Henrik Pedersen 2 , Olof Kordina 2 , Takeshi Ohshima 3 , Nguyen Son 2 , Erik Janzen 2 , Joerg Wrachtrup 1
1 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart Germany, 2 Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping Sweden, 3 , National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki Japan
Show AbstractSilicon carbide recently attracted a lot of attention due to its possible use as a host material for room temperature solid state quantum applications. Many stable color centers exist in the wide bandgap in the visible and telecommunication wavelengths. Many of them also have a high spin, useful for quantum applications, e.g quantum sensing. Comparable to the well-known NV center in diamond, coherent single spin manipulation has been successfully demonstrated at room temperature [1]. A long spin coherence time has been theoretically expected [2] and experimentally confirmed as well [1,3] laying ground for high sensitivity quantum metrology. Besides optical readout of spins [1,3,4,5], also electrical detection is possible [6,7], presumably allowing for integrated quantum devices. Additionally, wafer scale processing technologies are already established for silicon carbide. High spin color centers are considered good candidates for precise room temperature magnetic field sensing. This has been shown for the NV center in diamond and recently demonstrated [8] and theoretically analyzed for the S=3/2 defect spin of VSi- in 4H-SiC [9]. Splittings arising due to the Zeeman shift under external magnetic fields and a zero field splitting allow for magnetic field orientation dependent magnetic resonance transitions. The resulting transitions often show ambiguity in their angular dependence. For the VSi-, field strength and inclination can intrinsically be extracted for low fields [8,9]. However the symmetry of the system hides information in the azimuthal direction. To achieve full magnetic field vector magnetometry in a large dynamic range, we demonstrate a new sensing scheme. When a VSi- sensor is exposed to an unknown magnetic field, multiple spin resonance transitions arise. We show means to analyze such optical detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectra by applying three known orthogonal reference fields in combination with modified pulsed electron-electron double resonance (ELDOR). This protocol requires only a single calibration of the zero field splitting. Altogether this forms a room-temperature vector magnetometer in a quantum host material with elaborated wafer-scale processing. The suggested optical readout scheme can also provide nanoscale sensing when used in combination with high resolution optical microscopy while electrically detected magnetic resonance potentially allows to build an integrated quantum sensing device.
References:
[1] Widmann et al (2014), Nat Mater 14(2), 164–168
[2] Yang et al (2014), Phys Rev B 90(24), 241203
[3] Christle et al (2014), Nat Mater 14(2), 160–163
[4] Sörman et al (2000), Phys Rev B 61(4), 2613–2620
[5] Kraus et al (2013), Nat Phys 10(2), 157–162
[6] Umeda et al (2012), Materials Science Forum, 717-720, 427–432
[7] Cochrane et al (2011), J Appl Phys 109(1), 014506
[8] Simin et al (2015), Phys Rev Appl, 4(1), 014009
[9] Lee et al (2015), Phys Rev B 92(11), 115201
9:00 PM - ED12.7.02
Comparisons and Common Ground in Flying Qubits
Kan Xie 1 , Gaurab Panda 1 , Virginia Ayres 1 , Harry Shaw 2 , Deborah Preston 3
1 Electrical & Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States, 2 , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, United States, 3 , Preston Analytical, Bel Air, Maryland, United States
Show AbstractFlying qubit designs have emerged as an interesting approach for adding dynamic control to multiple qubit implementations [1,2]. In the present investigation, we compare the 1 and 2 dimensional time dependent Schrodinger equations that represent flying qubits in the quantum dot atomic wire and semiconductor heterostructure qubit implementations. The shape of optimum potential wells for these two different material implementations are compared, with the goal of elucidating common versus materials system dependent features. This analysis is also relevant to projected systems that use potential well transport for both quantum dot qubit control and inter-quantum dot transport [3].
1. Ping, Y, Jefferson, JH, Lovett, BW. Coherent and passive one dimensional quantum memory. New Journal of Physics 16 (2014) 103025. doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/16/10/103025
2. Barnes CH W, Shilton J M, Robinson AM. Quantum computation using electrons trapped by surface acoustic waves. Physical Review B 62 (2000) 8410-9.
3. R. P. G. McNeil1, M. Kataoka1,2, C. J. B. Ford1, C. H. W. Barnes1, D. Anderson1, G. A. C. Jones1, I. Farrer1 & D. A. Ritchie1. On-demand single-electron transfer between distant quantum dots. Nature 477 (2010) 439. doi:10.1038/nature10444
9:00 PM - ED12.7.03
Photoelectric Nitrogen-Vacancy Electron Spin Magnetometry
Michal Gulka 1 2 3 , Emilie Bourgeois 3 4 , Jaroslav Hruby 3 , Michael Trupke 5 , Milos Nesladek 3 4
1 Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Kladno Czech Republic, 2 Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 8 Czech Republic, 3 Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek Belgium, 4 IMOMEC Division, imec, Diepenbeek Belgium, 5 Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna Austria
Show AbstractThe negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has an important potential for nanoscale [1] and ultrasensitive [2] magnetometry using optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) technique. It has been demonstrated that sensitivity ~ 900 fT/sqrt(Hz) can be achieved [2]. Photoelectric detection of Magnetic Resonance (PDMR), explored here, has potential for even higher sensitivity compared to ODMR. PDMR reads out the electron spin state by direct electric detection of charge carriers promoted to the conduction band of diamond by NV ionization [3]. To explore the PDMR sensing limits it is necessary we establish coherent spin manipulation pulsed protocols.
To this end, a type-IIa single crystal diamond implanted with 8 keV 14N4+ ions and annealed (900°C) to create ensembles of shallow NV centres (depth: 12 ± 4 nm) was used. The sample was equipped with coplanar Ti-Au electrodes with 50 µm gap and mounted on circuit board to enable microwave excitation and current read-out. To remove the parasitic current from 1-photon ionization of substitutional nitrogen defects, we referenced the signal lock-in amplification to the microwaves pulsing frequency. Further on, we developed pulse PDMR protocols encoding a high frequency sequence into a low frequency envelope. We demonstrate the coherent photoelectrical manipulation and readout out of spin states as Rabi oscillations and Ramsey fringes. We discuss in detail S/N ratios and noise sources. The magnetic field sensitivity is tested and possible limitations are discussed and compared with ODMR.
[1] P. Maletinski et al., Nature Nanotechnol. (2012)
[2] T. Wolf et al., Phys. Rev. X (2015)
[3] E. Bourgeois et al., Nature Comm. (2015)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:
EU–FP7 research grant DIADEMS, No. 611143, FWO (Flanders) G.0.943.11.N.10, Czech Science Foundation project GA16-16336S
9:00 PM - ED12.7.04
Ultra-Sensitive Probing of the Local Electronic Structure Based on State-of-the-Art Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) Technology and Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy
Sang Jun Lee 1 2
1 , SLAC, Menlo Park, California, United States, 2 , Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
Show AbstractSuperconducting transition edge sensor (TES) technology presents a unique opportunity to build novel detectors with greatly increased sensitivity in the soft x-ray regime while maintaining excellent energy resolution. We have commissioned a new generation soft x-ray superconducting TES spectrometer with a scientific motivation to probe the local electronic structure of ultra-low concentration sites in biology, chemistry, and materials, currently inaccessible in the soft x-ray regime due to the limited sensitivity of existing technology.
We will present an introduction to our recently commissioned TES spectrometer at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and its premise to explore new paradigms in soft x-ray spectroscopy, achieving sensitivity of sub-mMol concentrations in aqueous/organic solvents, sub-percent sensitivity for monolayer films immersed in a solvent, solid matrix, or high-pressure gas, and sensitivity to concentrations <1019/cm3 for defects and dopants in condensed phase samples.
We will show early results on active metal centers of bio-enzymes, intermediates relevant to chemical catalysis, interfacial properties in energy materials, and nature of ultralow concentration defects and dopants in semiconductors.
Symposium Organizers
Milos Nesladek, IMEC Leuven amp; Hasselt University
David Awschalom, University of Chicago
Fedor Jelezko, University Ulm
Dmitry Budker, Johannes Gutenberg University/University of California, Berkeley
Symposium Support
Seki Diamond Systems
ED12.8/ED1.8: Joint Session VII: Qubit Arrays and Spin Device Principles
Session Chairs
Fedor Jelezko
Milos Nesladek
Thursday AM, April 20, 2017
PCC North, 100 Level, Room 132 A
9:00 AM - *ED12.8.01/ED1.8.01
Scaled Control of Solid-State Qubit Arrays
Michael Trupke 1
1 , University of Vienna, Vienna Austria
Show AbstractDefects in semiconductors such as silicon, diamond and silicon carbide are promising candidates for the implementation of quantum bits (qubits) and sensors given their long spin coherence lifetimes. Many of the envisaged applications will require control over a large number of sites, and quantum computing in particular will require exquisite control over millions of qubits. However, controlling large numbers of tightly packed defects is a daunting task as access for control lines needs to be provided, and cross-talk can be deleterious.
Here we present a method for the efficient control of large-scale qubit registers, based on quantum interference, which mitigates both of these challenges. The number of controlled sites increases quadratically with the number of control lines, and the method provides precise local, multi-site or global control. The principle is demonstrated experimentally using microfabricated control structures on a diamond chip to manipulate nitrogen-vacancy centres.
Factors affecting site separation, control errors and control speed will be discussed, together with methods to increase the surface density of controlled sites using multi-line pulse sequences. With these methods, the presented control architecture shows promise for simplifying the development of applications in large-scale quantum technology.
9:30 AM - *ED12.8.02/ED1.8.02
Quantum Sensing and Imaging using Color Centers in Diamond and Extensions to Quantum Networks
Dirk Englund 1 , Christopher Foy 1 , Danielle Braje 2 , Hannah Clevenson 1 , Matthew Trusheim 1 , Sinan Karaveli 1
1 , Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, 2 , Massachusetts Institution of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractRecent years have seen tremendous progress in developing a new range of quantum-enhanced sensors based on electronic and nuclear spins in solids, especially using color centers in the wide-bandgap semiconductors diamond and silicon carbide. Here, we describe recent progress in several areas of sensing and imaging using nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. 1. Using diamond nanocrystals constaining NV centers, we have developed techniques for wide-field imaging of electrical current distributions and temperature with sub-wavelength resolution and at high speed, with applications in microelectronics chip verification and detection of failure processes in high-power electronics. 2. Fluorescent nanodiamonds are also promising for wide-field imaging of electrical activity in the brain; in particular, we will discuss the behavior of NV-nanodiamonds in electric fields produced inside electrochemical junctions, and the targeted delivery to neuronal cell membranes. 3. We will discuss wide-field nanoscale imaging of strain in polycrystalline diamonds, which also reveals ordered NV orientations in specific crystal domains. 4. Finally, we discuss possible extensions of quantum sensing techniques to quantum networks.
10:00 AM - *ED12.8.03/ED1.8.03
Silicon Carbide—Material Growth and Defect Engineering for Spintronics
Nguyen Son 1 , Jawad Ul Hassan 1 , Pontus Stenberg 1 , Ian Booker 1 , Ivan Ivanov 1 , Olof Kordina 1 , Matthias Widmann 2 3 , Matthias Niethammer 2 3 , Sang-Yun Lee 2 4 , Takeshi Ohshima 6 , Joerg Wrachtrup 2 3 5 , Erik Janzen 1
1 , Linkoping University, Linkoping Sweden, 2 , University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart Germany, 3 , Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE) and IQST, Stuttgart Germany, 4 , Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gyeonggi-do Korea (the Republic of), 6 , National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki Japan, 5 , Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart Germany
Show AbstractSilicon carbide (SiC) has recently been shown to host intrinsic defects and impurities, which have optical and spin properties suitable for room-temperature applications in quantum information technology and sensing. Realization of single defects that work as single spin sources with long spin coherence times requires ultra-pure materials to start with. We will show results from our chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of thick, ultra-pure epitaxial layers for single defect studies. For further improvement of the spin coherence time, the reduction of the spin bath of the host material, i.e. the nuclear spins of 29Si (I=1/2, 4.7 % natural abundance) and 13C (I=1/2, 1.1%), is desired. We will show results from our CVD growth of thick enriched zero-nuclear-spin 28Si12C layers (99.85 % of 28Si and 99.98 % of 12C) with the residual effective n-type doping in the range of ~1×1013 cm–3. For defect engineering, electron irradiation is used to create intrinsic defects, e.g. the Si vacancies and divacancies, in SiC with well-controlled concentrations for single defect and ensemble studies. Doping with transition metals will be presented with focusing on V-doping using metalorganic precursor gas during CVD growth. Results on growth of different p-i-n structures for vertical and in-plane diodes and realization of single defects in the devices will be presented.
10:30 AM - ED12.8.04/ED1.8.04
Defects and Decoherence at Diamond Surfaces
Alastair Stacey 1 2 , Jyh-Pin Chou 3 , Nathalie de Leon 5 , Anton Tadich 7 , Chris Pakes 6 , Liam Hall 8 , Jean-Philippe Tetienne 1 , Adam Gali 3 4 , Lloyd Hollenberg 1 8
1 Centre for Quantum Computing and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 2 , Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3 Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest Hungary, 5 Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States, 7 , Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria, Australia, 6 Department of Physics, LaTrobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 8 School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 4 Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest Hungary
Show AbstractHere we present detailed synchrotron investigations of tailored diamond surfaces, in conjunction with near-surface qubit metrology of these surfaces. We have thus identified new, unexpected, crystalline defects at the material surface and enabled a greater understanding of the primary causes of decoherence and qubit population instabilities in near-surface engineered devices.
Defect centres (qubits) in diamond are amongst the vanguard of the nascent quantum technologies revolution, driving advances in quantum computing and sensing applications.1,2 As these technologies begin to be applied in real devices, these optically active defects are being increasingly located within nanometres of the diamond surface,3 where their quantum properties such as coherence time and spectral width are reported to experience significant degradation,4 compared to their bulk properties. There have been recent advances in theoretical proposals for ideal diamond surface chemistries,5 which link unoccupied electronic surfaces states with degraded photophysical properties. To date experimental achievements have included the introduction of novel surface terminations,6 and process optimization efforts, yielding significant improvements in near-surface defect coherence values.7 Despite these efforts, surface noise and defect instability near surfaces remains a significant challenge for any quantum application and are a major hurdle for realization of real-world devices.
We will provide experimental evidence of unexpected crystalline defects at the diamond surface, as well as theoretical calculations showing that these defects produce low-lying trap states in the near-surface region, inhibiting the charge population and stability of near-surface NV centres. We will detail experimental treatment methods for the removal of these surface defects and show measurement evidence of their effects on NV centres at various depths. We will also detail new correlations between surface contaminants and decoherence of these defects.
1 Rondin, L. et al. Magnetometry with nitrogen-vacancy defects in diamond. Rep. Prog. Phys. 77, 056503 (2014).
2 Schirhagl, R., Chang, K., Loretz, M. & Degen, C. L. Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond: Nanoscale Sensors for Physics and Biology. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 65, 83-105, (2014).
3 Rosskopf, T. et al. Investigation of Surface Magnetic Noise by Shallow Spins in Diamond. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 147602 (2014).
4 Wrachtrup, J., Jelezko, F., Grotz, B. & McGuinness, L. Nitrogen-vacancy centers close to surfaces. MRS Bulletin 38, 149-154, (2013).
5 Kaviani, M. et al. Proper Surface Termination for Luminescent Near-Surface NV Centers in Diamond. Nano Lett. 14, 4772-4777,(2014).
6 Stacey, A. et al. Nitrogen Terminated Diamond. Advanced Materials Interfaces 2 (2015).
7 Lovchinsky, I. et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance detection and spectroscopy of single proteins using quantum logic. Science, (2016).
10:45 AM - ED12.8.05/ED1.8.05
High Purity and High Quality Homoepitaxial Diamond Growth for Quantum Information and Quantum Sensing Device Applications
Tokuyuki Teraji 1 , Philipp Neumann 2 , Joerg Wrachtrup 2 , Lachlan Rogers 3 , Fedor Jelezko 3 , Junichi Isoya 4
1 , National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba Japan, 2 , University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart Germany, 3 , Ulm University, Ulm Germany, 4 , University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Japan
Show AbstractWith quantum information and quantum sensing devices of the next generation in mind, we provide a guideline for the growth of homoepitaxial diamond films that possess higher crystalline quality, higher chemical purity, and a higher carbon isotopic ratio. A custom-built microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition system was constructed to achieve these requirements. To improve both the purity and crystalline quality of homoepitaxial diamond films, an advanced growth condition was applied: higher oxygen concentration in the growth ambient. Under this growth condition for high-quality diamond, a thick diamond film of >30 µm was deposited reproducibly while maintaining high purity and a flat surface [1]. Then, combining this advanced growth condition for non-doped diamond (100) and (111) film with a unique doping technique that provides parts-per-billion order doping, single-color centers of either nitrogen-vacancy or silicon-vacancy centers that show excellent properties were formed [2, 3]. These advanced growth techniques are expected to accelerate the research fields of quantum information and quantum sensing devices using diamond.
[1] T. Teraji, J. Appl. Phys. 118, 115304 (2015).
[2] J. Michl, T. Teraji, S. Zaiser, I. Jakobi, G. Waldherr, F. Dolde, P. Neumann, M. W. Doherty, N. B. Manson, J. Isoya, J. Wrachtrup, App. Phys. Lett. 104, 102407 (2014).
[3] L.J. Rogers, K.D. Jahnke, T. Teraji, L. Marseglia, C. Müller, B. Naydenov, H. Schauffert, C. Kranz, J. Isoya, L.P. McGuinness and F. Jelezko, Nature Communications, 5, 4739 (2014).
11:00 AM - ED12.8/ED1.8
BREAK
ED12.9: Technology and Techniques for Sensing and Imaging
Session Chairs
Thursday PM, April 20, 2017
PCC North, 100 Level, Room 132 A
11:30 AM - *ED12.9.01
NV Ensemble Diamond Device Technologies for Quantum Sensing Applications
Mutsuko Hatano 1 2
1 , Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo Japan, 2 , JST CREST, Tokyo Japan
Show AbstractNV (Nitrogen Vacancy) center in diamond has superior physical properties at room temperature for quantum sensors with scalable applications from nanoscale to macroscopic range. We would like to intrtroduce magnetic sensing devices by applying advanced CVD, nano-device technologies, and the semiconductor band-gap engineering.
Selectively-aligned (> 99%) high density NV ensemble (> 1016 cm-3) was formed by CVD-growth on (111)-oriented diamond substrate[1,2]. We perform intensive nitrogen gas doping to gain high density NV centers. The key to create selectively-aligned NV centers is finding the critical condition to achieve step-flow growth. For wider applications, large area heteroepitaxial film on Si substrate was synthesized by original pulse bias-enhanced nucleation with the antenna-Edge MPCVD[3].
To control the charge state of NVC, band-gap engineering using pn junctions were applied to the sensing devices. The NV- could be changed by tuning electron quasi Fermi energy if almost no current flow through the p-i-n junction [4]. For enhancement of the photon detection efficiency from NV centers, umbrella-shaped diamond microstructures fabricated by bottom-up process with Ti mask are proposed [5]. The metal mirrors at the bottom are self-aligned to the umbrella-shaped diamond microstructures which are selectively grown through holes created on a metal mask. The smaller (<1um) structure shows about 5 times higher intensity than that of the large microstructures or bulk diamond.
Prototype magnetometers have been developed. We will introduce the biomedical and the device sensing applications [6].
[1] K. Tahara, H. Ozawa, T. Iwasaki, M. Hatano et al., APL 107, 193110 (2015).
[2] H. Ozawa, M. Hatano, T. Iwasaki, et al., Appl. Phys. Express to be published.
[3] T. Suto, J. Yaita, T. Iwasaki, M. Hatano et al., APL 110, 062102 (2017).
[4] M.Shimizu, M. Hatano et al, Diamond & Related Materials Vol 63, 192 (2015).
[5] S. Furuyama*, K. Tahara*, T. Iwasaki, M. Hatano et al. APL 107, 163102 (2015).
[6] T. Iwasaki, T. Makino, M. Hatano et al, ACS Nano DOI: 10.1021 (2017).
12:00 PM - ED12.9.02
Downscaling of Photoelectric Detection of NV Centres Magnetic Resonances to Small NV Ensembles
Emilie Bourgeois 2 1 , Michal Gulka 1 , Jaroslav Hruby 1 , Michael Trupke 3 , Milos Nesladek 2 1
2 IMOMEC Division, imec, B-3590 Diepenbeek Belgium, 1 Institute for Materials Research (IMO) , Hasselt University, Diepenbeek Belgium, 3 Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna Austria
Show AbstractThe different applications of the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre in diamond for quantum technology require the readout of NV spin state, which is classically done by optical detection of magnetic resonances (ODMR). We recently demonstrated the photoelectric detection of NV magnetic resonances (PDMR), based on the direct electric detection of charge carriers resulting from NV photo-ionization [1]. This technique presents essential advantages in terms of detection efficiency [2], scalability and integration of qubits to electronic chips.
PDMR was first demonstrated on large NV ensembles (~ 106 to 109 NVs) located in irradiated and annealed type-Ib and type-IIa diamond [1]. However, to extend the use of this readout technique to quantum information processing [3] and non-perturbing nanoscale sensing [4], the photoelectric readout of single NV needs to be established. Here, we present a study aiming at optimizing the PDMR performances in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and magnetic resonance contrast, to ultimately enable the photoelectric readout of single NV.
For this, shallow NV centers (depth ~ 12 nm) were implanted in electronic grade type-IIa diamond with different fluences. Enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio was obtained by implementing pulse PDMR measurements, with optimized laser and MW pulse sequences. To reduce the influence of the background photocurrent induced by the ionization of substitutional nitrogen – which is one of the main factors limiting the PDMR contrast – we performed dual-beam PDMR, based on NV one-photon ionization under combined blue/green excitation. These measurements were compared to single-beam PDMR (based on NV two-photon ionization). These different improvements made possible the photoelectric detection of magnetic resonances on very small ensembles of ~ 5 NVs.
[1] Bourgeois E. et al., Nat. Com. 6, doi: 10.1038/ncomms9577 (2015)
[2] Bourgeois E. et al., arXiv:1607.00961 (2016)
[3] Childress L. and Hanson R., MRS Bulletin 38, 134-138 (2013)
[4] Maletinski P. et al., Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 320-324 (2012)
12:15 PM - ED12.9.03
Imaging the Current Flow in Graphene with a Diamond Sensing Platform
Jean-Philippe Tetienne 1 , Nikolai Dontschuk 2 , David A. Broadway 1 , Alastair Stacey 1 , David Simpson 2 3 , Lloyd Hollenberg 1 2 3
1 Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 2 School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3 Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Show AbstractImaging charge currents in graphene has been a longstanding challenge, which has prevented important landmark transport phenomena from being observed in the real space. Here we demonstrate diamond-based quantum imaging of the current flow in graphene. Our method employs an array of near-surface, nitrogen-vacancy centres in a diamond chip, as a wide-field magnetic imager [1]. By fabricating electrically-contacted graphene structures directly on this diamond platform, we are able to map the vector magnetic field generated by the current flow, and reconstruct the two-dimensional vector current density [2]. We thus image the current flow in graphene structures of varying complexity, from mono-ribbons to junctions, with a spatial resolution at the diffraction limit and a projected sensitivity to currents as small as 1 μA. The measured current maps reveal strong spatial variations corresponding to physical defects at the sub-μm scale. The demonstrated method opens new avenues to investigate electronic and spin transport in graphene, and could be applied to other two-dimensional materials and thin film systems.
[1] DA Simpson, J-P Tetienne, J McCoey, K Ganesan, LT Hall, S Petrou, RE Scholten and LCL. Hollenberg. Magneto-optical imaging of thin magnetic films using spins in diamond. Scientific Reports, 6:22797 (2016)
[2] J-P Tetienne, N Dontschuk, DA Broadway, A Stacey, DA Simpson, and LCL Hollenberg. Quantum imaging of current flow in graphene. arXiv:1609.09208 (2016)
12:30 PM - *ED12.9.04
Magnetic Imaging with an Ensemble of NV Centers
Thierry Debuisschert 1 , Ludovic Mayer 1
1 , Thales Research & Technology, Palaiseau Cedex France
Show AbstractThe nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center in diamond is an atom-like system in the solid-state which specific spin properties can be efficiently used as a sensitive magnetic sensor. An external magnetic field induces Zeeman shifts of the NV center levels which can be measured using Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR). The ODMR signal of an ensemble of NV centers can be used to quantitatively map the vector structure of a magnetic field produced by a sample close to the surface of a CVD diamond slab hosting a thin layer of NV centers. The NV centers luminescence is collected by a microscope objective and imaged on a CMOS camera. The spatial resolution of the imaging device is given by the diffraction limit. The present sensitivity is estimated to be 100 nT/Hz½ . Several directions are being investigated to increase the sensitivity. This magnetic imager can be used in a variety of applications. One example is the monitoring of electronic circuits and the detection of possible defects. It can also be used as a spectrum analyzer to provide the instantaneous frequency spectrum of an unknown RF signal.
ED12.10: Nanoscale NMR Imaging
Session Chairs
Thursday PM, April 20, 2017
PCC North, 100 Level, Room 132 A
2:30 PM - *ED12.10.01
Nitrogen-Vacancy Spin Sensors for Nanoscale Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
John Mamin 1
1 , IBM Research Division, San Jose, California, United States
Show AbstractThe nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has proved to be a sensitive atomic-scale magnetometer capable of detecting nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals from hydrogen and other spin species, both internal and external to the diamond. Near-surface NV centers have been used in a variety of imaging experiments, primarily for two dimensional imaging. The use of a magnetic field gradient, either from an external source or from the NV center itself, can in some cases be used to provide spatial information in the 3rd dimension. I will discuss some of the inherent challenges, which include the off-axis field from the gradient source, as well as the pervasive issue of surface-induced decoherence
Work done in collaboration with C. Kim, M. Sherwood, M. Kim, K. Ohno, D. D. Awschalom, and D. Rugar
3:00 PM - *ED12.10.02
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy on a Diamond Chip
Victor Acosta 1
1 , University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
Show Abstract
I will discuss latest our lab's latest results in developing a diamond-chip-based platform for determining composition, structure, and function of trace biochemical analytes via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies.The platform consists of a nanostructured diamond chip doped with Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) color centers and uses non-inductive optical detection and high-aspect-ratio gratings to enhance sensitivity in a wide range of magnetic fields and at ambient temperature. We have recently demonstrated solution-state NMR, NQR detection of thin films, and EPR detection of external spins with this platform.
3:30 PM - *ED12.10.03
Improving the Precision of Quantum Metrology for Nanoscale NMR
Liam McGuinness 1
1 , Institute for Quantum Optics, University Ulm, Ulm Germany
Show AbstractThe performance of quantum sensors is in general limited by their coherence (T2) time, as this is the maximum time over which coherent signal accumulation may be obtained. However, in certain circumstances, this limit may be overcome. In this talk I will discuss some recent work where we go beyond the coherence time of our sensor to improve the frequency resolution of quantum metrology. Applications of this technique to resolving NMR spectra from nanoscale sample volumes with a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond will be discussed.
ED12.11: Spin Magnetometry Imaging and Spectroscopy I
Session Chairs
Thursday PM, April 20, 2017
PCC North, 100 Level, Room 132 A
4:30 PM - *ED12.11.01
Quantum Sensing with Ensembles of Nitrogen Vacancies in Diamond
Danielle Braje 1
1 , MIT-LL, Lexington, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractQuantum sensors based on identical systems offer the promise of high stability, precise measurements tied to fundamental quantities. While atomic systems are typically the workhorse of quantum sensors, this work pushes solid-state systems, in particular large ensembles of nitrogen vacancies in diamond. Nitrogen vacancies (NV) in diamond are compact sensors that operate at room temperature, vacuum-free, with the atom-like quantum systems isolated within a carbon lattice. The appeal of these solid-state quantum particles stems from the color centers’ ability to act not only as a sensor, but also to be initialized/read-out optically, to be manipulated with RF, and to have an intrinsically long coherence time. With relatively simple overhead as compared to cold-atom sensors, compact deployable devices are possible. We will describe results with NV ensembles tailored for vector magnetometry and for electric field sensing.
5:00 PM - *ED12.11.02
Engineered NV Centers in a Diamond Anvil for Magnetic Imaging of Materials under Extreme Conditions
Jean-Francois Roch 1 2 , Margarita Lesik 1
1 Laboratoire Aime Cotton, Universite Paris Saclay, Orsay France, 2 , ENS Paris-Saclay, Cachan France
Show AbstractThe ability to quantitatively map magnetic field distributions is of crucial importance for understanding the properties of materials, e.g. phase transitions between different magnetic states or occurence of supraconductivity. Numerous experiments have established that NV centers in diamond are remarkable magnetic field sensors, due to their unique combination of sensitivity and compactness. We will describe how NV centers can be engineered in a diamond anvil with efficient observation of their spin magnetic resonance, with the goal to achieve an in-situ diagnostic of the magnetic behavior of materials under extreme high pressure.
5:30 PM - *ED12.11.03
Single Spin Magnetometry of Antiferromagnets and Superconductors
Patrick Maletinsky 1
1 , University of Basel, Basel Switzerland
Show AbstractElectronic spins make for excellent nanoscale magnetometers [1,2] offering single spin sensitivities and nanoscale spatial resolution [3]. Such magnetometers based on Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) electronic spins in diamond have proven particularly impactful over the last years, as they confer above benefits with quantitative sensing, operation under ambient conditions and largely non-invasive operation. This combined performance is of particular significance for applications in nano-magnetism, where quantitative studies of ferromagnetic domains [4] and ferromagnetic resonances [5] have recently been demonstrated with accessible sensing bandwidths up to several gigahertz [5,6].
In this talk I will present recent achievements of the Basel Quantum Sensing Group in such nanoscale NV magnetometry of condensed-matter systems. I will describe our experimental approach to realizing quantum magnetometers based on nanofabricated, all-diamond scanning probes [7] under cryogenic and ambient conditions. I will first focus on their applications to the imaging of domains and domain-walls in non-trivial, nanomagnetic systems such as the magnetoelectric antiferromagnet (AFM) Cr2O3. Thin film Cr2O3 is highly attractive for implementing future AFM memory devices [8], as Cr2O3’s AFM order parameter can be switched electrically and read-out through uncompensated, polarized spins on Cr2O3’s surface, which are locked to the underlying AFM order. Using scanning NV magnetometry, we obtained first quantitative images of these surface-spins, which allowed us to determine their previously unknown spin densities and to address the origin of antiferromagnetic domains in Cr2O3. Secondly, I will discuss our activities in low-temperature magnetometry, where we recently demonstrated quantitative NV magnetometry under cryogenic conditions for the first time. There, we investigated individual vortices in the high-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7 by stray-field imaging with resolutions approaching 10 nm [9]. Owing to the quantitative nature of NV magnetometry, our results allowed for an unambiguous determination of YBa2Cu3O7 ‘s local London penetration depth – a key material property which has previously been notoriously hard to determine.
I will conclude with an outlook on further prospects of nanoscale NV magnetometry, including sensing of high-frequency dynamics in nanomagnetic systems and application of NV magnetometers to exotic states of matter at sub-Kelvin temperatures.
[1] B. Chernobrod, G. Berman, J. Appl. Phys. 97, 01490
[2] J. R. Maze, et al., Nature 455, 644; G. Balasubramanian, et al., Nature 455, 648
[3] L. Rondin, et al., Rep. Prog. Phys. 77, 056503, J.P. Tetienne, et al., Nature Comm. 6, 6733
[5] T. Van der Sar, et al., Nature Comm. 6, 7886
[6] P. Appel, et al., New J. of Phys. 17, 112001
[7] P. Appel, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 063703, P. Maletinsky, et al., Nature Nanotech. 7, 320
[8] X. He, et al., Nature Mat. 9, 579
[9] L. Thiel, et al., Nature Nano. 11 677
Symposium Organizers
Milos Nesladek, IMEC Leuven amp; Hasselt University
David Awschalom, University of Chicago
Fedor Jelezko, University Ulm
Dmitry Budker, Johannes Gutenberg University/University of California, Berkeley
Symposium Support
Seki Diamond Systems
ED12.12: Nanodiamonds for Quantum Technology and Sensing
Session Chairs
Friday AM, April 21, 2017
PCC North, 100 Level, Room 132 A
9:00 AM - *ED12.12.01
Imaging Magnetism at the Nanoscale with a Single Spin Microscope
Vincent Jacques 1 , Waseem Akhtar 1
1 Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier France
Show AbstractIn the past years, it was realized that the experimental methods allowing for the detection of single spins in the solid-state, which were initially developed for quantum information science, open new avenues for high sensitivity magnetometry at the nanoscale. In that spirit, it was recently proposed to use the electronic spin of a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect in diamond as an atomic-sized magnetic field sensor [1,2]. This approach promises significant advances in magnetic imaging since it provides non-invasive, quantitative and vectorial magnetic field measurements, with an unprecedented combination of spatial resolution and magnetic sensitivity under ambient conditions.
In this talk, I will show how scanning-NV magnetometry can be used as a powerful tool for fundamental studies in nanomagnetism, focusing on magnetic skyrmions in ultrathin ferromagnetic wires and spin cycloids in multiferroic materials.
[1] G. Balasubramanian et al., Nature 455, 648 (2008), J. Maze et al., Nature 455, 644 (2008).
[2] L. Rondin et al., Rep. Prog. Phys. 77, 056503 (2014).
9:30 AM - *ED12.12.02
On Approaches to Mass Production of Nanodiamonds with Nitrogen-Vacancy Color Centers
Petr Cigler 1
1 , IOCB AS CR VVI, Prague Czech Republic
Show AbstractFluorescent diamond nanocrystals with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers are attracting increasing interest for a broad range of applications, from biolabeling and single particle tracking to nanoscale magnetic field sensing. The NV centers can be created in synthetic diamond nanoparticles by high-temperature annealing, which results in the association of pre-existing nitrogen impurities and vacancies generated by high-energy particle (electron, proton, or helium ion) beam irradiation. Up to now, diamond nanocrystals have been irradiated as dry powder in a container or deposited as a thin layer on a flat substrate, depending on the type and energy of the irradiating particles. However, these techniques suffer from intrinsic inhomogeneities: the fluence of particles may vary over the whole sample area, as well as the thickness and density of the nanodiamond layer.
We will discuss novel approaches to large-scale irradiation of nanodiamonds. Among other techniques, we focus on direct irradiation in aqueous colloidal solution by high-energy protons. The procedure results in a larger fraction of fluorescent particles, with a more homogenous distribution of nitrogen-vacancy centers per particle and less severe lattice damages compared to dry powder irradiation.
10:00 AM - *ED12.12.03
Intraneuronal Transport Abnormalities Revealed by Fluorescent Nanodiamonds Tracking
Simon Haziza 2 1 3 , Michel Simonneau 4 2 1 , Francois Treussart 2 3 1
2 , CNRS, Orsay France, 1 , Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Orsay France, 3 , Université Paris Sud, Orsay France, 4 , INSERM, Paris France
Show AbstractBrain diseases such as autism and Alzheimer’s disease (each inflicting >1% of the world population) involve a large network of genes displaying subtle changes in their expression Abnormalities in intraneuronal transport have been linked to genetic risk factors found in patients, suggesting the relevance of measuring this key biological process. However, current techniques are not sensitive enough to detect minor abnormalities.
Here, we report a sensitive method to measure changes in intraneuronal transport induced by brain disease-related genetic risk factors using fluorescent nanodiamonds (fNDs). We show that the high brightness, photostability and absence of cytotoxicity allow fNDs to be tracked inside the branches of dissociated neurons with 12 nm spatial and 50 ms time resolutions. As proof-of-principle, we applied the fND-tracking assay on two transgenic mouse lines that mimic the slight changes in protein concentration (~30%) found in brains of patients. In both cases, we show that the fND assay is sufficiently sensitive to detect these changes.
We will also present how this nanoparticle tracking based-approach of intraneuronal transport measurement can be extended to intact network of neurons in brain slices and how it can be coupled to calcium flux imaging, revealing the electrical activity.
Reference: S. Haziza et al., “Fluorescent nanodiamond tracking reveals intraneuronal transport abnormalities induced by brain disease-related genetic risk factors”, Nat. Nanotechnol. doi:10.1038/nnano.2016.260 (2016).
10:30 AM - ED12.12.04
Nanodiamond-Hydrogel-Magnetic Nanoparticle Sensors
Ting Zhang 1 , Gangqin Liu 1 , Man-hin Kwok 4 , Ning Wang 1 , Xi Feng 1 , Chu Feng Liu 1 , Weng-Hang Leong 1 , To Ngai 4 , Ren-Bao Liu 1 2 3 , Quan Li 1 2 3
1 Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, 4 Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, 2 Centre for Quantum Coherence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, 3 , The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shen Zhen Research Institute, Shen Zhen China
Show AbstractThe long spin coherence time at room temperature, high photo-stability, and low toxicity in biological system make diamond quantum sensors promising for biological applications. However, nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center spin transitions are not sensitive to many biological parameters such as pH and non-magnetic ion concentrations. In the present work, we propose and demonstrate a hybrid structure based scheme that can potentially enable the measurement of various biochemical parameters using NV center based sensing. It is known that many hydrogels experience large volume change when being exposed to external stimuli including pH, temperature, and ion concentration. By coupling a fluorescent nanodiamond (FND) and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) via hydrogel (pNIPAM) connection, we demonstrate a hybrid temperature sensor. A temperature increase close to the transition point of the hydrogel would lead to its collapsing and thus change the separation distance between the MNPs and the ND, and in turn change in the magnetic field that the NV centers in the FND can detect sensitively. The same principle can be applied to detection of other biochemical parameters by employing proper types of stimuli-responsive hydrogel.
10:45 AM - ED12.12.05
Developments in Nanodiamond Particle Functionalization for Enabling Advancements in Conjugation to Surfaces and Sensing
Zachary Kennedy 1 , Chris Barrett 1 , Marvin Warner 1
1 , Pacific Northwest National Lab, Richland, Washington, United States
Show AbstractNanodiamond is a promising material for quantum technologies and biological applications due to the combination of robust mechanical properties and a non-toxic carbon core capable of holding highly stable fluorescent defect centers. In order to predictably control nanodiamond (ND) reactivity with its external environment, attach to other structures, or use as a probe material, the surface chemistry must be tailored. Due to their low production cost, carboxylic acid-functionalized NDs are an attractive starting material for accessing NDs with surface ligands that may further tune the overall material performance. We will discuss our efforts on developing synthetic strategies to directly transform carboxylic-acid NDs to more reactive functional groups with high general utility (i.e. for “click” chemistry). Specifically, transition metal mediated decarboxylation has been used to install groups such as azides directly at the surface without a linker moiety. Our methodology avoids some of the hurdles of previous routes to produce NDs featuring azides, namely the susceptibility to cleavage, the necessity of multiple reaction steps, or harsh pre-treatments. Azide-NDs synthesized in this fashion react efficiently with ubiquitous and structurally diverse alkynes to readily generate complex ND materials with stable 1,2,3-triazole linkages. Our exploration into the use of these surface modification strategies for enabling assembly of NDs into arrays and for the attachment of targeting probes will also be disclosed.
11:30 AM - *ED12.12.06
Hybrid Nano-Sensors Composed of a Nanodiamond and a Magnetic Nanoparticle
Gang-Qin Liu 1 2 , Ning Wang 1 2 , Ting Zhang 1 2 , Weng-Hang Leong 1 2 , Xi Feng 1 2 , Huangling Zeng 1 , Quan Li 1 2 3 , Ren-Bao Liu 1 2 3
1 Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong China, 2 Centre for Quantum Coherence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong China, 3 , The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen China
Show AbstractNitrogen-vacancy (NV) center spins in diamond, for their superb quantum coherence properties under ambient conditions, are useful as quantum sensors to detect weak signals from the environment. However, the NV center spin transitions are less sensitive to som parameters (such as temperature and pressure) and inertial to many others (such as non-magnetic ion concentrations and pH). To enhance the sensitivity and to enable sensing parameters that have no direct effect on the spin transitions, hybridization of different systems can be employed. Here we discuss several schemes of hybridization of nanodiamonds and magnetic nanoparticles. We designed and experimentally demonstrated hybridized nano-sensors of temperature based on a fluorescent nanodiamond (FND) and a magnetic nanoparticle (MNP). We will also discuss possible future extension and potential applications of hybrid nanodiamond sensors.
This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) under Grant No. 2014CB921402, Hong Kong RGC/CRF CUHK4/CRF/12G CUHK VC’s One-off Discretionary Fund.
12:00 PM - *ED12.12.07
Hyperpolarised MR Imaging via Diamond Technologies
Martin Plenio 1
1 , Ulm University, Ulm Germany
Show AbstractIn this lecture I will present recent theoretical and experimental progress towards the use of diamond quantum technologies for hyperpolarised molecular imaging. The electron spin native of the NV centre in diamond can be initialized to a highly polarized quantum state by microsecond-long laser pulses and this polarization can then be transferred to surrounding nuclear spins with the support of microwave radiation. This may involve 13C nuclear spins that form either part of the crystal lattice of nanodiamonds or are part of external metabolic molecules thus serving as the basis for the two hyperpolarization technologies. The realisation of this idea requires the design of polarisation protocols that can address the challenges of random orientation of NV centers and rapid motion of external molecules. Here we present theoretical proposals for such protocols and report first steps towards their experimental realisation.
12:30 PM - ED12.12.08
Criticality-Enhanced Hybrid Nanodiamond-Thermometer
Ning Wang 1 , Gangqin Liu 1 , Huangling Zeng 1 , Weng-Hang Leong 1 , Xi Feng 1 , Quan Li 1 2 3 , Ren-Bao Liu 1 2 3
1 Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong China, 2 Centre for Quantum Coherence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong China, 3 , The Chinese University of Hong Kong ShenZhen Research Institute, Shen Zhen China
Show AbstractDetection of weak signals such as temperature with nanoscale spatial resolution and high sensitivity under ambient conditions is desirable for a broad range of applications in the fields of condensed matter physics, biology and microchemistry. Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have been demonstrated as room-temperature atomic quantum sensors due to their superb coherence properties. While NV center spins are sensitive to external magnetic field, they are relatively insensitive to some important parameters such as temperature. Transferring the measurement of insensitive parameters to sensitive ones can be realized by constructing hybrid sensors consisting of diamond and magnetic materials. Here, we designed and experimentally demonstrated a hybrid nanosensor composed of a fluorescence nanodiamond and a magnetic nanoparticle. The temperature sensing is enabled by the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic phase transition of the MNP, which also brings in significant sensitivity enhancement. The theoretical sensitivity can be better than ~ 1μK/√Hz, a 2,000 folds improvement over a bare NV center thermometer. We experimentally demonstrated a sensitivity of 7.3 mK/√Hz near room temperature. The hybrid nanosensor of high-sensitivity serves as an effective tooling in exploring physics, chemistry, and biology at nanometer scale.
This work was supported by CRF of RGC (Project No. CUHK4/CRF/12G), and the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) under Grant No. 2014CB921402.
12:45 PM - ED12.12.09
Correlating Transmission Electron Microscopy and Nanomagnetometry
Xi Feng 1 , Gangqin Liu 1 , Ting Zhang 1 , Ning Wang 1 , Weng-Hang Leong 1 , Ren-Bao Liu 1 2 3 , Quan Li 1 2 3
1 Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Hong Kong, 2 Centre for Quantum Coherence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Hong Kong, 3 , The Chinese University of Hong Kong ShenZhen Research Institute, ShenZhen China
Show AbstractThe nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has been extensively investigated as a nanoscale sensor for detecting and imaging weak signals of magnetic fields. A most challenging issue in nanomagnetomety is the one-to-one correlation between the structural/composition features and the magnetic properties measured. We introduce the development of nanomagnetometry of individual magnetic nanostructured by correlating transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal microscopy/optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR). TEM based techniques provide the structural/compositional characterization of the magnetic nanostructures, and a marker scheme enabled the one-to-one matching between the TEM characterization and the ODMR measurement. Taking single Ni nanoparticles as an example, we show that nanodiamonds can sense the magnetic field associated with the magnetic nanoparticles. This work was supported by CRF of RGC (Project No. CUHK4/CRF/12G), and the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) under Grant No. 2014CB921402.
ED12.13: Spin Magnetometry Imaging and Spectroscopy II
Session Chairs
Friday PM, April 21, 2017
PCC North, 100 Level, Room 132 A
2:30 PM - ED12.13.01
Microwave-Free Nanoscale Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy with the NV Center
James Wood 1 2 , Jean-Philippe Tetienne 2 , David A. Broadway 2 , Liam Hall 2 , David Simpson 2 , Alastair Stacey 2 , Lloyd Hollenberg 2
1 , Universitat Basel, Basel Switzerland, 2 , University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Show AbstractThe nanoscale implementation of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has required the development of novel probes due to the lack of spatial resolution and sensitivity of traditional approaches. In the past decade, the nitrogen vacancy (NV) centre in diamond has been developed as a high-sensitivity magnetometer [1] and has been used to spectroscopically probe both electron and, more recently, nuclear spins on the nanoscale [2,3]. However current methods for NV-based magnetic resonance spectroscopy require the application of high-precision, high-power pulsing schemes. This places limits on their implementation, especially where homogeneous driving fields are required such as in wide-field or scanning tip applications. In addition, these microwave fields may be invasive for some samples.
Here we present a method for nanoscale magnetic resonance spectroscopy using the NV centre in diamond that removes the requirement for microwave pulsing. First developed by Hall et al. using an ensemble of NV centres [4], this relaxometry-based technique relies on a finely tuned external magnetic field to bring the electron spin of the NV centre into resonance with the target spin. On resonance, the mutual dipole-dipole interaction causes the NV centre electron spin to increase its relaxation rate, which can be measured via an all-optical protocol.
We have been able to extend this technique to the nanoscale by showing microwave-free magnetic resonance spectroscopy with a single NV centre probe. We present both EPR and NMR on substitutional nitrogen spins within the diamond [5] as well as NMR on hydrogen atoms within an organic sample external to the diamond [6]. Finally we are able to demonstrate comparable sensitivity to current methods while eliminating the need for microwave pulsing. This opens up a wideband, microwave-free sensing regime for nanoscale EPR and NMR, potentially widening the applicability of such techniques beyond the applications currently possible.
[1] J. R. Maze, et al., Nanoscale magnetic sensing with an individual electronic spin in diamond, Nature 455, 644 (2008).
[2] H. J. Mamin, et al., Nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance with a nitrogen-vacancy spin sensor, Science 339, 557 (2013).
[3] T. Staudacher, et al., Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on a (5-nanometer)3 sample volume, Science 339, 561 (2013).
[4] L. T. Hall, et al., Detection of nanoscale electron spin resonance spectra demonstrated using nitrogen-vacancy centre probes in diamond, Nat. Comm. 7, 10211 (2016).
[5] J. D. A. Wood, et al., Wide-band, nanoscale magnetic resonance spectroscopy using quantum relaxation of a single spin in diamond, Phys. Rev. B 94, 155402 (2016).
[6] J. D. A. Wood, et al., Microwave-free nuclear magnetic resonance at molecular scales, arXiv:1610.01737 (2016).
2:45 PM - ED12.13.02
Direct Measurement of Topological Numbers with Spins in Diamond
Fei Kong 1 2 , Chenyong Ju 1 2 , Fazhan Shi 1 2 , Liang Jiang 3 , Jiangfeng Du 1 2
1 Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei China, 2 Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei China, 3 Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
Show AbstractTopological numbers can characterize the transition between different topological phases, which are not described by Landau’s paradigm of symmetry breaking. Since the discovery of the quantum Hall effect, more topological phases have been theoretically predicted and experimentally verified. However, it is still an experimental challenge to directly measure the topological numbers of various predicted topological phases. In this Letter, we demonstrate quantum simulation of topological phase transition of a quantum wire (QW), by precisely modulating the Hamiltonian of a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond. Deploying a quantum algorithm of finding eigenvalues, we reliably extract both the dispersion relations and topological numbers. This method can be further generalized to simulate more complicated topological systems.
3:00 PM - ED12.13.03
Electron Spin Resonance Imaging with Nitrogen Vacancy Centres in Diamond
David Simpson 1 2 , Robert Ryan 3 , Liam Hall 1 , Simon Drew 4 , Steven Petrou 4 5 , Paul Donnelly 3 , Paul Mulvaney 3 , Lloyd Hollenberg 1 2 6
1 School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 2 Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3 School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 4 Florey Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 5 Centre for Integrated Brain Function, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 6 Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Show AbstractMagnetic resonance spectroscopy is universally regarded as one of the most important tools in science and clinical research. However, sensitivity limitations typically restrict imaging resolution to 100 µm scales. Here we demonstrate a transformative shift in magnetic imaging technology using the quantum properties of an array of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres in diamond. We employ an optical spectroscopic detection method [1] based on precise control of a static external magnetic field, to tune the NV transition frequency into resonance with environmental spins at selected effective g-factors. Our quantum resonant microscope selectively images a given chemical species over a large field of view with diffraction limited spatial resolution. In this talk, we will demonstrate how quantum resonance microscopy can be used to non-invasively acquire the electron spin resonance spectrum and reaction kinetics of paramagnetic transition metal ions under ambient aqueous conditions, in sensing volumes down to 0.025 µm3 per voxel. This represents a 1000 fold improvement in sensitivity over current state-of-the-art room temperature electron paramagnetic resonance imaging techniques and 100 fold increase in spatial resolution, opening up new opportunities for imaging electron spin processes at the nanoscale. Given the technique is developed on a bio-compatible platform it can be applied to a variety of areas across the physical and life-sciences.
[1] L.T. Hall, P. Kehayias, D.A. Simpson, A. Jarmola, A. Stacey, D. Budker, L.C.L. Hollenberg, Nature Communications, 7 (2016) 10211.
3:15 PM - ED12.13.04
High Spatial Resolution Optical Far-Field Microscopy for Local Field Sensing with Nitrogen Vacancy Center
Fang-Wen Sun 1
1 , University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei China
Show AbstractQuantum sensing with nanoscale resolution is a useful tool for nanoscience. High sensitivity electromagnetic field and temperature sensing has been demonstrated with nitrogen vacancy (NV) center, even in living biological cells. Due to the sub-nanometer size, high spatial resolution is one of the most important advantages of the NV-based-sensing. We have developed a charge-state-depletion (CSD) nanoscopy with nanoscale resolution (4.1 nm) based on the photon induced charge state conversion of NV center. Furthermore, we applied a 780nm laser to much accelerate the charge state conversion pumped by 532 nm. The resolution of CSD nanoscopy was significantly enhanced. And the power of 532 nm laser can be reduced by a factor of 10 with the weak 780 nm laser. A spatial resolution of 14 nm was achieved with the depletion laser intensity approximately three orders lower than that used for the stimulated emission depletion nanoscopy with NV center. In further step, we used the super-resolution nanoscopy with NV center in bulk diamond to image the structure of nanoscale material. An aluminum nanostructure was fabricated on the surface of diamond plate. The laser beams were used to pump NV center through the structures. The local optical field below diamond surface was affected by the shape of aluminum material. And the charge state conversion of NV center was pumped by the local optical field below diamond surface. The nano-structure of aluminum was then imaged with sub-diffraction spatial resolution. Here, the diamond plate can be seen as the cover glass as microscopy. Therefore, we only need to change the sample to detect different materials. Such a nanoscopy can be applied in the high-spatial-resolution and high-precision sensor for electro-magnetic and thermal field in nanostructures and cells.
References
[1] X.-D. Chen, C.-L Zou, Z. -J. Gong, C. -H. Dong, G. -C Guo and F.-W. Sun, “Subdiffraction optical manipulation of the charge state of nitrogen vacancy center in diamond”, Light-Sci. & Appl. 4, e230 (2015).
[2] S. Li, X.-D Chen, B.-W. Zhao, Y. Dong, C.-W. Zou, G.-C. Guo, and F.-W. Sun, “Optical far-field super-resolution microscopy using nitrogen vacancy center ensemble in bulk diamond”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 109, 111107 (2016).
[3] X.-D. Chen, S. Li, A. Shen, Y. Dong, C.-H. Dong, F.-W. Sun, and G.-C. Guo, “Near-infrared-enhanced charge state conversion for low power optical nanoscopy with nitrogen vacancy center in diamond”, submitted (2016).
3:30 PM - ED12.13.05
Optically Narrowing of Nitrogen-Vacancy Center Spin Ensembles in Nanodiamonds
Gang-Qin Liu 1 , Ning Wang 1 , Chu Feng Liu 1 , Weng-Hang Leong 1 , Quan Li 1 2 3 , Ren-Bao Liu 1 2 3
1 , Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong China, 2 Centre for Quantum Coherence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong China, 3 , The Chinese University of Hong Kong ShenZhen Research Institute, Hong Kong China
Show AbstractFluorescenct nano-diamond (FND) that contains nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers is an attractive biomarker due to its high photostability and biocompatibility. The optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of NV center spins in FNDs has been employed for nanoscale quantum sensing of, e.g., temperature, magnetic field and electronic field. The basic properties of NV centers in FNDs have been extensively investigated, but are yet to be fully understood. In the present work, we show that a notable number of NV centers in FND are unstable, they can be quenched under laser excitation. At laser excitations weaker than 100 µW/µm^2, incomplete quenching of the unstable NV centers contribute significantly to the fluorescence counts and the width of the ODMR spectra. To understand the quenching-recovering dynamics of the NV centers under laser excitation, we adopt a pump-probe measurement, in which we show that bleaching of unstable NV centers takes place in tens of microseconds, and is recoverable after the pump excitation is switched off. Similar quenching behaviors are observed on NV center ensembles in type Ib bulk diamond but not in type IIa diamond. These findings provide a general guideline in choosing the proper diamond samples and measurement parameters for sensing experiments. They are particularly important for quantum bio-sensing using FND when low excitation power may be adopted to avoid photon induced toxicity in biological systems.
This work was supported by CRF of RGC (Project No. CUHK4/CRF/12G), and the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) under Grant No. 2014CB921402.