On-Skin Monolithic Hybrid Tribo-Piezo-Electromagnetic Nanogenerator for Energy Harvesting and Whole-Body Self-Powered Sensing

Escalating energy demands of self-independent on-skin/wearable electronics impose challenges on corresponding power sources to offer greater power density, permeability, and stretchability. Here, we report a high-efficient breathable and stretchable monolithic hybrid triboelectric-piezoelectric-electromagnetic nanogenerator-based electronic skin (TPEG-skin) via sandwiching a liquid metal mesh with two-layer topological insulator-piezoelectric polymer composite nanofibers. TPEG-skin concurrently extracts biomechanical energy (from body motions) and electromagnetic radiations (from adjacent appliances), operating as epidermal power sources and whole-body self-powered sensors. Topological insulators with conductive surface states supply notably enhanced triboelectric and piezoelectric effects, endowing TPEG-skin with a 288 V output voltage (10 N, 4 Hz), ~3 times that of state-of-the-art devices. Liquid metal meshes serve as breathable electrodes and extract ambient electromagnetic pollution (±60 V, ±1.6 µA cm^-2). TPEG-skin implements self-powered physiological and body motion monitoring and system-level human-machine interactions. This study provides compatible energy strategies for on-skin/wearable electronics with high power density, monolithic device integration, and multifunctionality.
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