Smart Hybrid Anti-Bacterial Membrane for Safe Drinking Water

Contamination of water sources by pathogens remains a critical challenge to the provision of safe drinking water. Despite the availability of various filtration devices, regular maintenance of these systems is often neglected, leading to suboptimal water quality. In this study, we introduce an innovative multi-material membrane incorporating microchannels, engineered with photothermal antibacterial nanoparticles and bacterial adhesive polymers. Leveraging the vast, continuous power of solar energy, this approach aims to 3D-print membranes with regenerative, thermos-responsive, photothermal, and bactericidal properties in alternating layers that exhibit a kill-release mechanism. Embedded photothermal nanoparticles increase the membrane's temperature through surface plasmon resonance, activating both the antibacterial properties and a localized heating effect that further purifies water. This dual-action bactericidal approach ensures thorough disinfection by killing and releasing bacteria, preventing regrowth or biofilm formation. To prevent dead bacteria from acting as nutrient sources, the membrane transitions to a hydrophilic phase, effectively removing bacterial residues and maintaining a clean, efficient surface for repeated filtration. Furthermore, the thermo-responsive properties of the membrane promote the desorption and removal of dead bacteria, effectively preventing proliferation. The efficacy of this point-of-use method has been rigorously evaluated, demonstrating its operational efficiency and potential for reusability. Our findings offer a promising approach to improving water safety and addressing the persistent issue of waterborne pathogens