Neural Interfaces to Human Organoids Designed for In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Human cortical organoids, three-dimensional neuronal cultures, are emerging as powerful tools to study brain development and dysfunction. However, chronic monitoring of structural and functional maturation of organoids is challenging due to limitations of existing technologies. Here, we will present the state of the art in neural interfaces for human brain organoids. We will discuss electrical and optical methods of interrogating organoids in in vitro and in vivo configurations. We will present multimodal data analysis for longitudinal monitoring of neuronal activity in the organoids and the surrounding neuronal circuits. We will highlight future applications of in vivo transplantation of human organoids for comprehensive evaluation of the development, maturation, and functional integration of neuronal networks.