Advancements and Challenges in Scaling 4-Terminal Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Modules

The Perovskite solar cell has placed them as a leading candidate for next-generation photovoltaic technology due to rapid advancement, high power conversion efficiencies and relatively low production costs. However, transitioning from lab-scale devices to large-area modules poses significant challenges that must be addressed to achieve commercial viability. Key strategies for scaling up PSCs involve optimizing the perovskite layer deposition process to ensure uniform film formation over large areas, minimizing defects, and enhancing the stability and durability of the cells. Techniques such as blade coating, slot-die coating, and vacuum deposition technique are evaluated for their scalability and compatibility with industrial production lines. Additionally, the integration of advanced passivation layers and multi-layer architectures is investigated to mitigate issues related to charge recombination and interface degradation. Tandem PV aims to produce 2 m2 silicon/perovskite tandem modules that are 26% efficient with a high durability of at least 25 years. In scale, we are using in-line tools for scalable module fabrication such as slot die coating and laser scribing as well as metrology. I will present progress made towards our three priorities of value, scale, and durability using our R&D fabrication line producing films, cells, and 100-280 cm2 minimodules as we plan for the pilot manufacturing production line.