Flash-Within-Flash Synthesis of Gram-Scale Solid-State Materials

Sustainable manufacturing that prioritizes energy efficiency, minimal water use, scalability, and the ability to generate diverse materials is essential to advance inorganic materials production while maintaining environmental consciousness. However, current manufacturing practices are not yet equipped to fully meet these requirements. Here, we describe a flash-within-flash Joule heating (FWF) technique—a non-equilibrium, ultrafast heat conduction method—to prepare 10 transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), 3 Group-XIV dichalcogenides, and 9 non-TMD materials, each in under 5 seconds while in ambient conditions. FWF achieves enormous advantages in facile gram scalability and in sustainable manufacturing criteria when compared to other synthesis methods. Also, FWF allows the production of phase-selective and single-crystalline bulk powders, a phenomenon rarely observed by any other synthesis method. Furthermore, FWF MoSe₂ outperformed commercially available MoSe₂ in tribology, showcasing the quality of FWF materials. The capability for atom substitution and doping further highlights the versatility of FWF as a general bulk inorganic materials synthesis protocol.