Life Cycle Assessment of Lead Recycling Strategies for Sustainable Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represent a leading advancement in renewable energy technologies, distinguished by their exceptional efficiency and versatility. However, their dependence on toxic lead (Pb) raises significant environmental and health concerns, particularly at end-of-life stages. Although numerous studies have proposed various Pb recycling processes, there remains a critical gap in assessing their actual environmental impacts. To address this pressing issue, we conducted a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of five Pb recycling processes, highlighting innovative approaches aimed at reducing the environmental footprint of PSCs while preserving their high performance. This study systematically examines three critical stages of Pb recycling—dissolution, recovery, and crystallization—utilizing advanced techniques, including multi-step and single-step dissolution, precipitation, and adsorbent-based recovery methods.
Here, we focus on Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Human Toxicity Potential (HTP) to evaluate the environmental implications of these processes, identifying pivotal trade-offs and optimization opportunities within Pb recycling. The findings underscore both the environmental and technological benefits of targeted recycling strategies, offering actionable insights to advance the sustainability of PSC technologies. This research establishes a new benchmark for environmentally conscious lifecycle management, bridging the existing gap between recycling practices and their environmental impacts. By addressing the critical challenges of Pb recycling, this study reinforces the potential of PSCs to serve as a cornerstone of sustainable energy innovation.