Operando Electrochemical Liquid-Cell 4D-STEM Under Controlled Temperatures

In this talk, I will introduce the development of multimodal operando methods to elucidate operando (operating) structure-property relationships of energy materials with an emphasis on electrochemical liquid-cell STEM (EC-STEM) and correlative synchrotron X-ray-based methods. Operando electrochemical 4D-STEM in liquid, driven by machine learning, has shown great potential to interrogate complex structures of active sites of energy materials at solid-liquid interfaces. I will discuss the technical challenges in developing operando EC-STEM with quantitative electrochemistry and simultaneous quantitative STEM imaging, diffraction and spectroscopy at high spatiotemporal resolution. I will then introduce the instrument development on the first-of-its-kind operando heating/cooling EC-STEM to investigate the dynamic growth of heterogeneous nanomaterials in liquid across a wide range of controlled temperatures.