Synchrotron-Based X-Ray Characterization of Electrochemical Interfaces

Synchrotron-based X-rays are a powerful characterization tool that can probe across many relevant length scales (from atomistic to millimeter) with different techniques that are sensitive to distinct features such as microstructure, chemistry, and morphology. Because of the high flux available and penetrating power of X-rays, interfaces within batteries and water electrolyzers can be probed under realistic, operating conditions. This enables the study of mechanisms that are electrochemically and chemically driven such as deposition, corrosion, phase changes, and oxidation state change. This insight provides deeper understanding of the key mechanisms driving failure.<br/><br/>We will highlight the advanced characterization available at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory for studying electrochemical interfaces under <i>in situ </i>and <i>operando </i>conditions<i>.</i> We will then provide specific examples such as the use of <i>operando</i> transmission X-ray microscopy to study Zn plating and corrosion in Zn-metal batteries and the use of radiography to image gas bubble formation in water electrolyzers.