December 1 - 6, 2024
Boston, Massachusetts
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2024 MRS Fall Meeting & Exhibit
EN07.06.02

Titanium Silicide—A Promising Candidate as the Recombination Layer for Perovskite/TOPCon Tandem Solar Cells

When and Where

Dec 4, 2024
11:00am - 11:15am
Hynes, Level 3, Room 301

Presenter(s)

Co-Author(s)

Dowon Pyun1,Dongjin Choi1,Soohyun Bae2,Sang-Won Lee3,Hoyoung Song1,Seok-Hyun Jeong1,Solhee Lee1,Jae-Keun Hwang1,Sujin Cho1,Myungji Woo1,Yerin Lee1,Kyunghwan Kim1,Youngmin Kim1,Youngho Choe1,Yoonmook Kang1,Hae-Seok Lee1,Donghwan Kim1

Korea University1,Korea Institute of Energy Research2,Stanford University3

Abstract

Dowon Pyun1,Dongjin Choi1,Soohyun Bae2,Sang-Won Lee3,Hoyoung Song1,Seok-Hyun Jeong1,Solhee Lee1,Jae-Keun Hwang1,Sujin Cho1,Myungji Woo1,Yerin Lee1,Kyunghwan Kim1,Youngmin Kim1,Youngho Choe1,Yoonmook Kang1,Hae-Seok Lee1,Donghwan Kim1

Korea University1,Korea Institute of Energy Research2,Stanford University3
To overcome the theoretical efficiency limits of single-junction solar cells, concept of multi-junction or tandem solar cells has been proposed. In tandem solar cells, two subcells with different energy bandgaps are stacked and connected in series. During the operation, two different types of carriers are transported from each subcell and recombined at the interlayer. The interlayer, which bridges two different solar cell technologies, determines the performance of tandem devices. Since the ideal open circuit voltage (VOC) is equal to the sum of the VOC of each subcell, recombination of carriers at the interlayer without any potential loss is required for a high-efficiency tandem device. Barrier-free interlayers can be realized using recombination layers. Especially, transparent conductive oxide (TCO) materials have been widely employed as recombination layers, attributed to their high transmittance and conductivity. However, application of TCO has following limitations: (1) sputtering damage on bottom cell and (2) scarcity of indium. Therefore, the development of TCO-free recombination layers is necessary.
In this work, titanium silicide (TiSi2) was proposed as recombination layer for perovskite/tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) 2-T tandem solar cells as an alternative to conventional TCO-based recombination layers for the first time. TiSi2 was fabricated in two steps: (1) Ti deposition and (2) oxidation. Thin Ti layer was directly deposited on the p+–Si and subsequently oxidized at 600 °C for 30 min in an O2 atmosphere. Ti film was oxidized to TiO2 (denoted as ox-TiO2), and TiSi2 was simultaneously formed at the Ti-Si interface. Diffusion was a key mechanism in the formation of TiSi2 in this work. Therefore, the reaction formation mechanism was interpreted based on the diffusion theory and experimental results. The optical and electrical properties of the ox-TiO2 and TiSi2 layer were optimized, respectively, by controlling the initial Ti thickness (5~100 nm). With the initial Ti 50 nm, the lowest optical reflectance and highly ohmic contact between the TiO2 and p+–Si layers with a contact resistivity of 161.48 mΩ*cm2 were obtained. In contrast, the TCO interlayer shows Schottky behavior with much higher contact resistivities. It is demonstrating the remarkable potential of TiSi2 as recombination layer. Furthermore, as the recombination layer of TiSi2 and the electron transport layer (ETL) of TiO2 are formed simultaneously, the process steps for tandem fabrication became simpler. Finally, the MAPbI3/TOPCon tandem device yielded an efficiency of 16.23%, marking the first reported efficiency for a device including silicide-based interlayer.
As a proof-of-concept stage, this work focused on analyzing the properties of TiSi2 and demonstrating the TiSi2-applied tandem device. Formation mechanism of TiSi2 and its properties as a recombination layer were explored. Therefore, the basic structures of subcells (MAPbI3 top cell without any treatment & TOPCon bottom cell without passivation layer) were combined into tandem architecture. In other words, additional optimizations of subcells are essential for improving the device efficiency further. Despite that, the efficiency exhibited in this work certainly implies that silicide-based materials are promising candidates for recombination layers in perovskite/TOPCon tandem solar cells.

Keywords

surface reaction | Ti

Symposium Organizers

David Fenning, University of California, San Diego
Monica Morales-Masis, University of Twente
Hairen Tan, Nanjing University
Emily Warren, National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Symposium Support

Bronze
First Solar, Inc.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Session Chairs

Monica Morales-Masis
Fengjiu Yang

In this Session