High-Dimensional Approaches for Immune Profiling of 2D Materials

We recently depicted the “Nano-immunity-by-design” where the characterization of 2D materials is not solely based on their physical-chemical parameters but also on their immuneprofiling. [1] The immune-profiling can reveal its complexity in unique, informative ways: high-dimensional approaches. [2,3] We exploited high-dimensional approaches, such as single-cell mass cytometry and imaging mass cytometry on graphene and other novel two-dimensional materials, such as transition metal carbides/carbonitrides (MXenes). [4-6] We revealed that the amino-functionalization of graphene oxide increased its immunocompatibility. [4] Moreover, we combined graphene with AgInS2 nanocrystals, enabling its detection by single-cell mass cytometry on a large variety of primary immune cells. [5] Recently, we reported the immune modulation of specific MXenes and their label-free detection by single-cell mass cytometry and other high-dimensional approaches. [6-7] Together with our published works, I will present unpublished results on a wider variety of novel 2D materials, Mxenes, MoS2, WS2, and bismuthene. Our results conceptualize that chemical and immunological designs of 2D materials offer new strategies for their safe exploitation in biomedicine.