Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Detection in Water Using 2D Nanomaterial-Based Field-Effect Transistor Sensors

Widespread, persistent, and toxic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) pose a major threat to both water systems and human health. Current PFAS detection methods are relatively expensive, slow, and complex. To combat PFAS contamination and meet increasingly stringent regulations of PFAS in drinking water, the development of highly sensitive and selective PFAS sensing techniques is imperative. 2D nanomaterial-based field-effect transistor (FET) sensors are strong candidates in water pollutant monitoring owing to their high sensitivity, tunable selectivity, fast response, and portability. We present a remote gate FET (RGFET) sensing platform featuring β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-modified reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as the sensing membrane for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) detection in tap water with a reporting limit (~250 ppq) lower than the maximum contaminant level (4 ppt) set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The sensor exhibits excellent selectivity against common inorganic ions (e.g., Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^-, HPO₄^-, SO₄^2- ) and select organic pollutants (e.g., trichloroacetic acid) in tap water. Importantly, the reversible and rapid response (&lt; 2 min) indicates the potential of RGFET for continuous inline monitoring of PFAS. Quartz crystal microbalance experiments provide further insights into the analyte adsorption behavior at the modified rGO sensing surface and emphasize the important roles of both analyte adsorption and charge properties of analytes and buffers in generating sensing signals. The binding nature between β-CD probe and PFOS or interferent molecules, as well as the spatially resolved selectivity revealed by molecular dynamics simulations, suggests rational probe engineering strategies for future selective capture probe design<b>.</b>