MXene-Derived Sodium Titanate Nanoribbon/Lanthanum Composite as High-Performance Electrochemical Point-of-Care Sensor – A Step towards Achieving One Health

One Health is an approach to designing and implementing programs, policies, legislation, and research in which multiple sectors communicate and work together to achieve better public health outcomes. The One Health approach is critical to addressing health threats in the animal-human-environment interface. Among global health problems, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the one that best illustrates the One Health approach. In this context, the antibiotic enrofloxacin plays an important role in terms of therapeutic drug monitoring in humans, and administration in poultry, animals, and aquaculture, which includes the threat to food as well as environmental safety. Thus, a need arises to develop sensors that will lead to the detection of enrofloxacin even at lower concentrations in versatile real matrixes. In this research study, we have fabricated titanium carbide MXene-Derived Sodium Titanate Nanoribbon/Lanthanum nanocomposite on carbon paste screen printed electrode for developing a user-friendly, cost-effective sensing chip to detect illicit drug heroin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), BET surface area analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) are used for the characterization of the composition and morphology of MXene-Derived Sodium Titanate Nanoribbon/Lanthanum nanocomposite, demonstrating its high specific surface area of the synthesized material. The synthesized nanoribbon possesses wall thicknesses of about 15 nm, nanoparticles’ size was less than 50 nm on average. The mentioned properties provided rapid electron transfer and large electrochemically active surface area and assisted in the discrimination of analytes that reduce or oxidize under the same potentials. The enhanced electrode demonstrated appropriate sensing ability to heroin after performing fixation of the nanocomposite. Kinetic factors charge transfer coefficient, standard heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant, and other different electrochemical factors are predicted using voltammetry methods. At a glance, the developed electrochemical chip ensures a unique LOD for device making and a wide linear range during detecting enrofloxacin in different real matrixes, viz. milk and food samples; human blood serum, and urine; waste water, and pharmaceutical industry effluents. In addition, the mentioned suggested a suitable potential for profiling of enrofloxacin with appropriate long-term stability, repeatability, and reproducibility. The excellent efficiency for the measurement of real samples demonstrated the most significant future perspectives of this sensor.