Symposium Organizers
Jinwoo Cheon Yonsei University
Hedi Mattoussi Naval Research Laboratory
Christof M. Niemeyer Universitaet Dortmund
Geoffrey Strouse Florida State University
PP1: Synthesis, Functionalization and Bio-interfacing of QDs and Nanoparticles
Session Chairs
Moungi Bawendi
Igor Medintz
Monday PM, November 26, 2007
Room 203 (Hynes)
9:30 AM - **PP1.1
Nanocrystal Quantum Dots for Biomedical and Biological Imaging.
Moungi Bawendi 1
1 Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractThis talk will review background chemistry and photophysics of nanocrystal quantum dots that is relevant to their application in biological and biomedical imaging. We will discuss control of hydrodynamic size, valency, and non-specific binding. Valency, or the number of binding sites per quantum dots, is an important parameter to control. Some applications take advantage of the potential high valency to insure sensitive detection, others require a single binding site per quantum dot, such as for tracking single receptors on the surface of living cells. We will give an example of an in vitro application where one quantum dot is conjugated to a single genetically engineered monomeric streptavidin, to provide a single binding site to biotin for each quantum dot. The issue of overall size of the quantum dot is important for both in vitro and in vivo imaging. For some experiments a hydrodynamic diameter of ~15nm to ~30nm is quite appropriate, but for efficient diffusion into tissue and for renal clearance a smaller hydrodynamic diameter is desired. We will provide specific examples of tuning size and surface characteristic, and showing renal clearance of properly designed quantum dots. We will show that quantum dots can be engineered to be more than passive reporters of their location; that they can also act as sensors of their microenvironment. We will provide an example of a quantum dot based pH sensor that is ratiometric and self-referencing and that is optimized for the biological environment.
10:00 AM - PP1.2
Semiconductor-magnetic Dimers: Synthesis and Comparative Characterisation.
Marco Zanella 1 5 , Andrea Falqui 3 2 , Stefan Kudera 1 4 5 , Liberato Manna 4 , Maria Casula 2 , Wolfgang Parak 1 5
1 Physik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg Germany, 5 Biophysik, LMU, Muenchen Germany, 3 Departement de Genie Physique, Institut National de Sciences Appliqueés, Toulouse France, 2 Scienze Chimiche, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari Italy, 4 , CNR-INFM-NNL Distretto Tecnologico – ISUFI, Lecce Italy
Show Abstract10:15 AM - PP1.3
Stability of Vesicles Interacting with Functionalized Water-soluble CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots: Effect of the Charge, Size and Chemical Coating.
Aurelien Dif 1 , Michele Baudy-Floch 1 , Etienne Henri 2 , Franck Artzner 2 , Maxime Dahan 3 , Valerie Marchi-Artzner 1
1 Chemistry Department, University of rennes 1, Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique, C.N.R.S. UMR 6226, Rennes France, 2 Physik department, University of rennes 1, Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique, C.N.R.S. UMR 6626, Rennes France, 3 Physik department, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique, C.N.R.S. , Paris France
Show Abstract10:30 AM - PP1.4
DNA-templated Inorganic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties, and Potential Applications.
Jong Hyun Choi 1 , Kok Hao Chen 1 , Michael Strano 1
1 Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractSemiconductor and magnetic nanoparticles have unique optical and magnetic properties due to quantum confinement effects, and a variety of promising approaches have been devised to interface the nanomaterials with biomolecules for bioimaging and drug delivery applications. We present a novel scheme of synthesizing fluorescent and magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) using DNA oligonucleotides with various sequences. The quantum yield of fluorescence NPs depends on the DNA sequence used. The bonding chemistry between DNA and NP is studied using FTIR, suggesting that the carbonyl group of DNA base passivates the NP surface. The secondary structure of DNA is also involves in stabilizing the nanocrystals. Strong coordination of DNA on NPs provides the chemical stability, leading to high quantum yields. In vitro cytotoxicity of DNA-templated NPs is investigated with mouse fibroblast cells using hemacytometry and MTT assay, and the QDs are found to be non-toxic under the experimental conditions. Anti-cancer aptamer functionalized NPs are proposed as proliferation inhibitors, and their efficacy is examined with human breast cancer cells. The new synthesis scheme devised in this work should be valuable in designing and constructing a multifunctional drug delivery and imaging agent for biological systems.
10:45 AM - PP1.5
CdxZn(1-x)S:Mn/ZnS Alloy Semiconductor Core-shell Multimodal Qdots.
Soumitra Kar 1 , Swadeshmukul Santra 1
1 NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States
Show AbstractFluorescent quantum dots (Qdots) have demonstrated their potential in diagnostic bioimaging applications in vitro1. For in vivo bioimaging applications, however, the embodiment of additional properties such as paramagnetism into the same fluorescent probe is highly desirable. These multimodal probes would benefit in vivo disease diagnosis and surgical guidance based on their ability to be detected in multiple modes (i.e. optically and magnetically). Thus synthesis of bright multimodal Qdots is a mater of great interest to a broad area of scientific community from Physics to Bioscience. Owing to their wide band gaps, the II-VI group semiconductors such as CdS and ZnS served as good host materials for various kinds of foreign elements as dopant. Out of the different transition metals, manganese usually occupies substitutional sites in the (Cd or Zn) lattice as a divalent ion. The excitation and decay of manganese ion produces an yellow/orange luminescence at approximately 590 nm.2,3 This emission peak is generally associated with a transition between 4T1 and 6A1 energy levels. Also, the presence of the Mn2+ ions within the host Qdots introduces the paramagnetic property. Recently we have developed bright yellow-emitting CdS:Mn/ZnS core-shell Qdots4,5 with absorption maxima at 355 nm. This excitation wavelength is in the UV range, limiting their wide application in cellular imaging. In the present study, we have developed core-shell alloy semiconductor with CdxZn(1-x)S core and ZnS shell. This design allowed fine tuning of excitation band-gap, covering a wide range (from 2.4 eV to ~4 eV). When doped with Mn, these alloy Qdots emit bright yellow/orange light. In this presentation, we will describe successful fabrication of CdxZn(1-x)S:Mn/ZnS alloy semiconductor core-shell Qdots using a water-in-oil microemulsion technique. References:(1)Yang, H.; Santra, S.; Walter, G. A.; Holloway P. H., Adv. Mater., 2006, 18,2890.(2)Bhargava, R.N.; Gallagher, D.; Hong, X.; Nurmikko, A., Phys. Rev. Lett. 1994, 72, 416.(3)Biswas, S; Kar, S; Chaudhuri, S. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2005, 109 17526.(4)Yang, H.; Holloway P. H. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2003, 82, 1965.(5)Santra, S.; Yang, H.; Holloway P. H.; Stanley, J. T.; Mericle, R. A., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 1656
11:30 AM - **PP1.6
Interfacing Cells with Colloidal Nanoparticles.
Wolfgang Parak 1
1 Faculty of Physics, Philipps Universitaet Marburg, Marburg Germany
Show AbstractTwo ideas for applications in which colloidal nanoparticles are used to interface cells will be discussed. Colloidal nanoparticles and in particular their surface chemistry will be discussed. A nanoparticles based FRET system for the detection of intracellular ions will be reported. An alternative system for the detection of intracellular ions based on polymer capsules / nanoparticles based will be describedInorganic hydrophobic nanoparticles of different materials can be transferred into aqueous solution by coating them with an amphiphilic polymer. Functional groups can be directly introduced in the polymer by reacting them to the backbone. This offers a very general route to water-soluble nanoparticles of high colloidal stability, with good size distribution, and with a variety of functional groups that are directly embedded in the polymer shell without the need of post-bioconjugation.Reference: C.-A. J. Lin, R. A. Sperling, J. K. Li, T.-Y. Yang, P.-Y. Li, M. Zanella, W. H. Chang, W. J. Parak, "Design of an amphiphilic polymer for nanoparticle coating and functionalization", submitted to SMALL.A FRET-pair based on colloidal quantum-dot donors and multiple organic fluorophores as acceptors is reported. In contrast to similar systems which are used as biosensors and detect specific changes of the donor/acceptor-distance under the influence of analyte binding, our nanoparticle design seeks to optimize sensors that detect spectral changes of the acceptor at fixed donor/acceptor distance. This approach allows for relatively small acceptor-donor distances, and thus for high energy transfer efficiencies, while simultaneously permitting high colloidal stability.Reference: M. T. Fernández-Argüelles, A. Yakovlev, R. A. Sperling, C. Luccardini, S. Gaillard, A. Sanz Medel, J.-M. Mallet, J.-C. Brochon, A. Feltz, M. Oheim, and W. J. Parak,"Synthesis and characterization of polymer-coated quantum dots with integrated acceptor dyes as FRET-based nanoprobes", submitted to NanoLetters.Polyelectrolyte microcapsules have been loaded with a pH sensitive, high molecular weight SNARF-1-dextran conjugate. SNARF-1 exhibits a significant pH-dependent emission shift from green to red fluorescence under acidic and basic conditions, respectively. The spectral properties of the dye were found to be largely retained after the encapsulation. Upon ingestion of SNARF-1-filled capsules by breast cancer cells or fibroblasts, the pH change of the local capsule environment during transition from the alkaline cell medium to the acidic endosomal/lysosomal compartments could be observed. By incorporating magnetic and fluorescent colloidal nanoparticles into the capsule-shell a novel type of multiplexed sensor system was developed.Reference: O. Kreft, A. Muñoz Javier, G. B. Sukhorukov, and W. J. Parak, "Microencapsulated Ion-Sensor as Novel Tool for In-Situ pH-Measurements", submitted to Chemistry of Materials.
12:00 PM - PP1.7
Biocompatible Quantum Dots Capped With Compact Multifunctional Ligands.
Kimihiro Susumu 1 , Igor Medintz 2 , Thomas Pons 1 , Hedi Mattoussi 1
1 Optical Sciences Division, Code 5611, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 2 Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
Show AbstractSemiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots, QDs) offer several advantages for use in biological assay design and imaging. Their successful integration in biotechnology necessitates the preparation of water-soluble QDs that are highly luminescent, stable over a broad range of biological conditions and compatible with simple conjugation techniques. We have previously utilized readily available thioctic acid and poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEG) in simple esterification schemes, followed by reduction of the 1,2-dithiolane to prepare PEG-terminated dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA-PEG) capping substrates. Recently we further developed this scheme to prepare a series of DHLA-PEG ligands having a variety of functional end groups, including biotin and carboxyl groups. DHLA-PEG-biotin for example was prepared by coupling thioctic acid and biotin to the ends of amine-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) followed by reduction of the 1,2-dithiolane group. Biotin permits the use of the ubiquitous avidin-biotin binding, whereas carboxyl groups allow the use of covalent reaction schemes to attach a variety of bioreceptors to QDs. All ligands are modular and each has a multidentate terminal group for strong anchoring on the QD surface, a PEG segment to promote hydrophilicity and a terminal group for biological linkage.Water-soluble QDs capped with one type or mixtures of the functional ligands were prepared via cap exchange with the native capping ligands. Homogeneous QD dispersions that are stable over extended periods of time and over broad pH range were prepared. Surface binding assay showed that DHLA-PEG-biotin-functionalized QDs strongly interact with NeutrAvidin-modified surfaces. The ability of the QDs functionalized with a mixed DHLA-PEG600:DHLA-PEG400-Biotin ligands to mediate cellular uptake and delivery of specific protein-attached cargoes was also investigated. EDC coupling in aqueous buffer solution was also demonstrated with DHLA–PEG–COOH-functionalized QDs and an amine-terminated energy transfer acceptor dye. We will present and discuss the synthetic routes employed and characterization of the materials prepared using NMR and IR spectroscopy. We will also describe the use of QDs capped with these ligands to design biologically functional assays.
12:15 PM - PP1.8
Silica-Coated Quantum Dots with a Paramagnetic and Pegylated Lipidic Coating as Target-Specific Nanoparticles for Multimodality Imaging Applications.
Rolf Koole 1 , Matti van Schooneveld 1 , Karolien Castermans 1 , Jan Hilhorst 2 , Celso de Mello Donega 1 , Daniel Vanmaekelbergh 1 , Arjan Griffioen 2 , Klaas Nicolay 3 , Zahi Fayad 4 , Andries Meijerink 1 , Willem Mulder 4
1 Condensed Matter & Interfaces, Debye Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht Netherlands, 2 , Maastricht University and Hospital, Maastricht Netherlands, 3 , Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven Netherlands, 4 , Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
Show AbstractA large variety of nanoparticle contrast agents are currently developed to contribute to the field of bio-imaging. The possibility to incorporate/include multiple functionalities for different imaging techniques, and the high payload of contrast generating material per particle are important advantages compared to conventional contrast agents. Furthermore, the surface of nanoparticles can be easily modified to improve bio-compatibility or to attach multiple targeting ligands per nanocrystal. Quantum Dots (QDs) are promising candidates for bio-imaging because of their unique and stable optical properties. Recently, we showed that QDs could be used for multi-modality imaging, by coating the QDs with paramagnetic lipids (for MRI detection). In addition we have shown that they can be targeted to apoptotic and angiogenic cells via the conjugation of suitable ligands.[1,2] However, the cytotoxicity of Cadmium-containing QDs is still an important drawback for bio-applications. To circumvent this problem, we have incorporated the QDs in silica spheres by the reversed micro-emulsion method. In this study we also established the incorporation mechanism of QDs in silica. This enabled us to synthesize highly monodisperse silica particles (Ø 35 ± 2nm) with a single QD incorporated exactly in the centre, while retaining a high quantum efficiency (QE) >35%.The QD/silica particles were coated by hydrophobic ligands, allowing the transfer of these particles into the hydrophobic core of lipidic micelles in water. The lipidic coating consisted of paramagnetic amphiphiles (Gd-DTPA-BSA) and pegylated lipids (PEG-DSPE). The paramagnetic lipids enable the detection with MRI, whereas the pegylated lipids improve the bio-compatibility and circulation half-life of the nanoparticle. In addition, a fraction of maleimide functionalized PEG-DSPE lipids was included to enable the attachment of specific targeting ligands. In this study, we conjugated αvβ3-specific RGD-peptides to the maleimide groups, and found a high specific up-take of the QD/silica/Lipid/RGD-particles by human endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro. Untargeted particles did marginally associate with these cells. Due to the high surface area of the silica spheres, about 300 RGD-peptides and 3500 Gd-moieties per particle could be realized. The longitudinal relaxivity (r1) per particle was determined to be 50750 mM-1s-1.The presently reported contrast agent consists of an efficient and stable fluorescent nanoparticle surrounded by a high payload of paramagnetic lipids and targeting ligands, and therefore meets all requirements for target-specific multimodality imaging.[1]Mulder, W. J. M.; Koole, R.; Brandwijk, R. J.; Storm, G.; Chin, P. T. K.; Strijkers, G. J.; deMelloDonega, C.; Nicolay, K.; Griffioen, A. W. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 1.[2]van Tilborg, G. A. F.; Mulder, W. J. M.; Chin, P. T. K.; Storm, G.; Reutelingsperger, C. P.; Nicolay, K.; Strijkers, G. J. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2006, 17, 865.
12:30 PM - PP1.9
An Expanded Color Palette of Qdot® Nanocrystal Bioconjugates for Use in a Diverse Range of Biological Applications.
John Mauro 1 , Shulamit Jaron 1 , Jason Kilgore 1 , Julie Nyhus 1 , Thomas Steinberg 1 , Yu-Zhong Zhang 1
1 Biosciences, Invitrogen Corporation, Eugene, Oregon, United States
Show AbstractApplications of semiconductor nanocrystal bioconjugates in studying biological systems include multi-target cell and tissue immunolabeling and microscopic imaging, high sensitivity flow cytometric biomarker detection and immunophenotyping, quantitative multicolor Western blotting and small animal in vivo imaging. An expanded set of uniquely photostable Qdot nanocrystal bioconjugates has been developed and is commercially available for use across a broad range of the visible and near-infrared spectrum (525, 545, 565, 585, 605, 625, 655, 705 and 800 nm-centered emission). The latest additions to this reagent set are 625 nm emitting Qdot streptavidin, goat anti-mouse and goat anti-rabbit antibody conjugates. The Qdot 625 bioconjugates are derived from nanocrystals which are among the brightest fluors ever created, with extremely high light absorbance (molar extinction coefficient at 405 nm of ~14,000,000 M-1cm-1) and near optimal quantum yield (average QY of 90%). In cell and tissue imaging, upon excitation of all nanocrystal bioconjugate colors simultaneously present with near UV or blue light, appropriate spectral deconvolution yields photomicrographs with six or more spatially resolved subcellular zones and structures. In flow cytometry, bright nanocrystal bioconjugates can replace standard dye-based tandem conjugates in multiplexed applications requiring large effective Stokes shifts. Nanocrystal-probed Western blots can reduce the need for use of multiple blots by providing more information using a single multicolor blot. Injected nanocrystals have unique distribution patterns in mice that may be useful for investigating normal and diseased animals by non-invasive imaging. We present examples of use of Qdot nanocrystals and their conjugates in each of these areas.
12:45 PM - PP1.10
Multifunctional Nanoparticles with Paramagnetic and NIR Absorption Properties.
Yongdong Jin 1 , Jingwei Bai 1 , Yu Huang 1
1 Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
Show AbstractOver the past decade, magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) have been actively pursued for potential biomedical applications such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hyperthermia agents and targeted drug delivery. In general, magnetic NPs require shell coatings to achieve structure stability, good biocompatibility and the ability of further surface functionalizations. Magnetic-core Au-nanoshell NPs have captured particular attention, due to the combined functions of magnetic and optical properties from both components, which can lead to exciting opportunities for integrated imaging, diagnosis, targeted drug delivery and therapeutics. Au nanoshells have unique near infrared (NIR) plasmon resonance and hence NIR optical absorption, which makes them ideally suited for a variety of biomedical applications, such as photo-thermal cancer therapy4 and whole-blood immunoassays.9 Furthermore, thiol chemistry has been well established for introducing versatile surface functions to Au NP surfaces. However, synthesizing magnetic-core/Au-shell NPs and simultaneously retaining the properties of both components has remained a challenge. In this talk we demonstrate the synthesis of Fe2O3/protein/Au core/shell/shell multifunctional NPs with preserved paramagnetic property and tunable NIR absorption using apoferritin protein cage as biological templates. Biomimetic mineralization produces iron oxide cores with diameters around 8 nm. The formation and NIR absorption of Au nanoshells on the template surface was confirmed by TEM, SAED and optical absorption studies. SQUID magnetometry demonstrated that the iron oxide cores are paramagnetic, and that their magnetic property is retained after coating Au nanoshells. In this structure, the ferritin protein cage functions as a dielectric layer to separate the magnetic core from the Au shell and plays an important role in simultaneously preserving the paramagnetic property of the iron oxide core and the NIR absorption property of the Au nanoshell.
PP2: Interfacing QDs with Bioreceptors, Cells and Redox Complexes
Session Chairs
Wolfgang Parak
Francisco Raymo
Monday PM, November 26, 2007
Room 203 (Hynes)
2:30 PM - **PP2.1
Electron and Energy Transfer Mechanisms to Switch the Luminescence of Semiconductor Quantum Dots.
Francisco Raymo 1
1 Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States
Show AbstractThe goal of our research program is the development of luminescent chemosensors based on the unique photophysical properties of semiconductor quantum dots. In this context, we have designed viable strategies to switch the luminescence of CdSe-ZnS core-shell quantum dots in response to target analytes. Our protocols are based on the exchange of either electrons or energy between these inorganic nanoparticles and appropriate organic ligands upon excitation. We have demonstrated that these processes can be exploited to probe pH and protein–ligand interactions. Thus, our fundamental studies can lead to valuable analytical tools for biomedical applications, while contributing to advance the basic understanding of the properties of semiconductor quantum dots.
3:00 PM - PP2.2
Redox Control of Quantum Dot-Bioconjugate Photoluminescence.
Igor Medintz 1 , Thomas Pons 2 , Scott Trammell 1 , Florence Brunel 3 , Philip Dawson 3 , Hedi Mattoussi 2
1 Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 2 Division of Optical Sciences , U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 3 Department of Cell Biology and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla , California, United States
Show AbstractColloidal QDs have a large fraction of their atoms arrayed on their surfaces and they are always capped with bifunctional ligands. These ligands along with the surrounding matrix affect the overall photophycial properties of the nanocrystals, due the presence of defect surface states often attributed to dangling bonds and incomplete surface passivation. These nanocrystals are thus sensitive to the presence of additional charges (electrons or holes) in close proximity to the surface, which can alter both photoluminescence and absorption spectra. This has stimulated interest in creating hybrid bio-devices based on potential reversible charge-transfer between a QD and proximal redox active bioreceptors. In order to understand the underlying mechanisms in a controlled manner, we labeled a series of peptides with specific redox-active groups, ratiometrically self-assembled them onto the surface of hydrophilic QDs, and tested their ability to influence the nanocrystal spectroscopic properties, using cyclic voltametry, absorption, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence. Our results revealed that the presence of proximal redox groups do alter the optical properties of the nanocrystals. In particular we found that PL quenching was pronounced with a clear dependence on the ratio of peptide-to-QD used, only when groups that have favorable redox levels were used. The information we gained from the above experiments was further used to develop sensors specific for the detection of particular enzymes using peptides expressing a specific peptidase-recognized sequences. We will discuss the data within the framework of charge transfer from the redox group to either surface or core states in the QDs. Additional aspects such as type of QD surface-capping used (neutral versus chargeable), core size will also be discussed.
3:15 PM - PP2.3
Exciton-plasmon Interaction in Bio-conjugated Nanocrystals as Sensor Mechanism.
Alexander Govorov 1 , Pedro Hernandez 1 , Jaebeom Lee 2 , Nicholas Kotov 2
1 , Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States, 2 , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
Show AbstractMotivated by recent experiments on nanocrystal superstructures [1,2], we develop theoretical models of sensors based on the interacting metal and semiconductor nanocrystals. In bio-conjugated structures, a sensor mechanism comes from the exciton-plasmon interaction and from special bio-linkers between plasmonic element (gold or silver nanoparticle) and quantum emitter (CdTe nanoparticle or nanowire). The linkers can be sensitive to temperature [1] or to chemicals [2] . In the nano-thermometer realized experimentally in ref. [1], the polymer linker undergoes phase transition with increasing the temperature. Therefore, the spatial separation between metal and semiconductor nanocrystals varies with temperature resulting in variation of emission. In a sensor of proteins [2], the distance between nanowire and gold nanoparticles depends on the presence of certain molecules (proteins) in a solution. As a result of distance variation, the exciton emission energy becomes sensitive to a protein concentration. We explain the exciton shift in terms of exciton diffusion along the nanowire and exciton energy transfer from nanowire to metal nanoparticles. A theory based on the diffusion and rate equations describes well the experimental data. The rates of energy transfer are calculated using the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. In addition, exciton-plasmon interaction can be tailored by choosing the material system and geometry. For example, it is possible to realize the regimes of strong photon-plasmon and exciton-plasmon interactions. The first occurs in silver-CdTe structures and the second in gold-CdTe complexes. Our study shows that the nano-assemblies with the exciton-plasmon interaction can be used as temperature- and bio- sensors. [1] J. Lee, A. O. Govorov, and N. A. Kotov, Angewandte Chemie, 117, 7605 (2005)[2] J. Lee, P. Hernandez, J. Lee, A. O. Govorov, and N. A. Kotov, Nature Materials 6, 291 (2007).
3:30 PM - **PP2.4
Preclinical Characterization of Nanomaterial Intended for Cancer Imaging and Therapy.
Anil Patri 1
1 , NIH/NCI, Frederick, Maryland, United States
Show AbstractEngineered nanomaterial offer great potential to radically change disease detection, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Targeted drug delivery with nanomaterial alters the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, enhances solubility of hydrophobic drugs and delivers a therapeutic to a disease site with unprecedented specificity. This approach minimizes dosage, which reduces toxicity and side effects, while increasing the therapeutic benefit. There is an urgent need to quickly transition these novel technologies to benefit those that are suffering from insidious diseases such as cancer, while being cautious of the impact their production and use will have on the environment and health.The complex nature of nanomaterial poses challenges in their reproducible synthesis, scale-up, isolation, purification, characterization, along with their in vitro and in vivo safety and efficacy assessment. Addressing these challenges, develop methodologies and standards, requires multi-disciplinary team of scientists, expertise, appropriate instrumentation, methods, and resources. To address these challenges, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has established the Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory (NCL) in a formal scientific interaction and collaboration with National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to help facilitate transition of promising novel technologies to clinic. This presentation will focus on the resources available to cancer researchers at the Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory (NCL) to conduct pre-clinical characterization and assessment of nanomaterial intended for cancer diagnosis, imaging, and therapy. The research outcome will help the community at large and facilitate development of standard protocols and assay development for regulatory review. Several tools and techniques to evaluate the material properties will be discussed. Standards development activities in collaboration with organizations such as ASTM will be presented.Funded by NCI Contract N01-CO-12400
4:30 PM - **PP2.5
Bioluminescent Quantum Dot Conjugates for Biosensing and In vivo Imaging.
Jianghong Rao 1 , Min-Kyung So 1 , Zuyong Xia 1 , Hequan Yao 1 , Yan Zhang 1 , Yun Xing 1
1 , Stanford, Stanford, California, United States
Show AbstractSemiconductor quantum dots (QDs) offers attractive optical properties as fluorescence probes for biological imaging and detection. These QDs require external excitation light in order to fluoresce. Here we will present a different type of QD conjugate that can fluoresce via bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). We conjugated a mutant of Renilla luciferase (Luc8) to the QDs. The formation of the conjugate results in an energy transfer phenomenon between Rluc8 (as the donor) and QDs (as the acceptor) — BRET. Luc8 oxidizes its substrate, coelenterazine, and produces luminescence emission at a wavelength of 460–490 nm. When the QD conjugates are exposed to coelenterazine, the energy released in the oxidation of the substrate is transferred to the QDs through BRET, generating light emission from the QDs. Several methods will be described to prepare the bioluminescent QD conjugates. The BRET ratio varied with the conjugation methods and conditions, and can be as high as 2.30. Examples of this QD-BRET system as QD nanosensors for the multiplex detection of enzyme activity will be presented. The QD conjugates were injected into a nude mouse and gave strong BRET emissions. The long wavelength BRET emissions were more easily detected, especially in deep tissues. Cells labeled with bioluminescent QDs were readily imaged in the lungs after i.v. injection, but were not detectable with fluorescence imaging. We also examined the possibility of multiplexed bioluminescence imaging in vitro and in the living mouse with QDs. Since these QD conjugates can emit light without external illumination, thus the issue of high fluorescent background strong autofluorecence background with fluorescence imaging is avoided. These unique features of BRET-based QDs should open many new avenues for QD-based nanosensor design and imaging in living subjects, especially for imaging biological events at deep tissues in small living animals.
5:00 PM - PP2.6
Self-light Emitting Polymer Nanoparticles for in vivo Imaging of Hydrogen Peroxide.
Dongwon Lee 1 , Sirajud Khaja 1 , Juan Velasquez-Castano 2 , Madhuri Dasari 1 , Carrie Sun 3 , John Petros 3 , Robert Taylor 2 , Niren Murthy 1
1 Biomedical Engineering, Gerogia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 2 Cardiology Division Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 3 Department of Urology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Show AbstractHydrogen peroxide is a small molecule metabolite in living organisms and plays a fundamental role in cellular signaling pathways that affect cell proliferation and cell death. However, the overproduction of hydrogen peroxide has been implicated in the development of numerous life-threatening diseases, such as atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Despite the significance of hydrogen peroxide in human health, at present, there are no contrast agents that can image hydrogen peroxide in vivo. Imaging of hydrogen peroxide in vivo has been challenging because of its low concentration and low reactivity in comparison to other reactive oxygen species. Therefore, there is great need in developing contrast agents that can image hydrogen peroxide in vivo, with high sensitivity and selectivity. Here, we present for the first time in vivo imaging of hydrogen peroxide using chemiluminescent nanoparticles based on peroxalate chemiluminescence, which involves hydrogen peroxide oxidation of oxalate esters in the presence of fluorophore. The strategy of hydrogen peroxide imaging using peroxalate chemiluminescence is to develop peroxalate ester polymer nanoparticles that encapsulate fluorescent dyes. Peroxalate ester polymers were synthesized through the reaction of hydroxybenzyl alcohol, octanediol and oxalic chloride. Chemiluminescent nanoparticles were formulated from peroxalate polymers and fluorescent dyes by an emulsion-solvent evaporation method. Chemiluminescent nanoparticles image hydrogen peroxide by performing a three component chemiluminescence reaction; first, hydrogen peroxide diffuses into the nanoparticles and reacts with peroxalate esters to generate a high energy intermediate dioxetane, second, dioxetane chemilcally excites fluorescent dyes through a chemilcally initiated electron exchange transfer mechanism, leading to light emission upon relaxation and imaging of hydrogen peroxide. Peroxalate nanoparticles emit fluorescent light in response to hydrogen peroxide at tunable wavelengths (460-630nm), and have nanomolar sensitivity for hydrogen peroxide and excellent specificity for hydrogen peroxide over other reactive oxygen species. Peroxalate nanoparticles were also capable of detecting hydrogen peroxide in the peritoneal cavity of mice, during an LPS-induced inflammatory response. We anticipate numerous applications of peroxalate nanoparticles for in vivo imaging of hydrogen peroxide, given their high specificity, sensitivity, and deep tissue imaging capability.
5:15 PM - PP2.7
Light Emission Properties and Biological Applications of Lanthanide Doped Oxide Nanoparticles.
Genevieve Mialon 1 , Melanie Moreau 1 , Didier Casanova 2 , Thanh-Liem Nguyen 2 , Antigoni Alexandrou 2 , Thierry Gacoin 1 , Jean-Pierre Boilot 1
1 Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau France, 2 Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS-INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau France
Show AbstractRare-earth doped oxides as bulk materials are well known for their numerous applications in light emitting devices. Emission properties of nanoparticles, in association with their small size, open the way to new applications such as the elaboration of transparent luminescent devices or new biological labels. The key issue for such applications is the control of the surface state of the particles in order to preserve their dispersion state, to guarantee a strong emission and/or ensure strong interactions with specific target sites.Our work in this field mainly concerns yttrium vanadate particles (YVO4:Ln with Ln=Eu, Dy and Yb/Er) that are obtained as aqueous suspensions through a simple reaction of coprecipitation [1]. As compared to the bulk material, these particles (10-40 nm in diameter) exhibit the characteristic emission from the lanthanide dopant but with a lower efficiency (quantum yield of 15% and emission lifetime of 0.7 ms). The first part of our work is devoted to the improvement of the emission properties of particles. Our results show that the emission process is altered either by surface hydroxyl groups or by the poor cristallinity of the particles. We show that large improvement can be obtained following an original process which allows recovering the particles as colloidal dispersions after their thermal treatment at 1000°C. In the case of Eu3+ doped particles, quantum yield and emission lifetime were increased up to 40% and 0.8 ms respectively without notable increase of particle size. Moreover, the emission spectrum, either from colloidal suspensions or from single particles fits almost perfectly to the one from the bulk material.The second part of our work is devoted to the surface derivatization of the particles for applications as biological probes [2]. We chose a general scheme involving the coating of the nanoparticles with a thin layer of amino-silane. This process was chosen in order to allow further versatile grafting reactions trough the surface amino groups. This strategy will be detailed in the case of the coupling between our particles and a protein through the use of a homo-bifunctional cross-linker. The quantification of the number of attached proteins was achieved using dual-color microscopy and fluorescently-tagged proteins, by observing the step-like photobleaching of the organic fluorescent tag. The observation of labelled toxins interacting with living cells shows the high potentiality of rare-earth-doped oxide particles as new biological probes. [1] A. Huignard et al., Chem. Mat. 12, 1090 (2000) ; A. Huignard et al., Chem. Mat. 14, 2264 (2002)[2] E.Beaurepaire et al, Nano Lett. 4, 2079 (2004) ; D.Casanova et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 253103 (2006); D.Casanova et al., J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 19264 (2006)
5:30 PM - PP2.8
Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles as Biological Probes and Sensors.
Andrew Burns 1 , Erik Herz 1 , Jin Hyang Choi 2 , Ethan Chiang 3 , Alexander Nikitin 2 , Barbara Baird 3 , Ulrich Wiesner 1
1 Materials Science & Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States, 2 Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States, 3 Chemistry and Biochemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States
Show AbstractSol-gel silica is an excellent host material for the development of functional hybrid nanoparticles as probes and sensors for biology and nanomedicine. The facile and versatile chemistry of silica allows for the realization of many architectures, tuned to specific applications as well as the incorporation of functional groups including dyes, chelators and polymers. As well, its benign surface chemistry is well-suited to both in vitro and in vivo assays. Our earlier work has shown that particles containing a core of silica-bound dye molecules surrounded by a pure silica shell exhibit exceptional brightness and stability compared to the constituent dyes as a general trend for dyes across the UV/visible spectrum. In addition to in vitro studies, we have applied these nanoparticles to biological questions in vivo, investigating the applications of these particles to clinically-relevant tasks such as sentinel lymph node mapping, as well as in modeling systems such as cell trafficking in metastatic cells. This core/shell design has been further developed as a platform for quantitative ratiometric sensing and imaging of ion concentrations in biological samples. The co-localizaton of reference and sensor dye molecules in separate layers of a core-shell architecture yields quantitative sensors with high surface area for analyte interaction, while protecting the reference signal in the core. We have produced core-shell sensor particles with average radii below 6 nm which are capable of delivering high local concentrations of pH or Ca+2 sensor dye to biological microenvironments which were previously un-reachable by larger probes, such as synaptic vesicles at axon/dendrite junctions.
5:45 PM - PP2.9
A New Route to Synthesize Alloyed Semiconductor Quantum Dots of CdSe1-xTex with Good Thermal Stability and Promising Bio-application.
Kang Sun 1 , Wanwan Li 1 , Bin Xing 1 , Hongjing Dou 1 , Jiebing Wang 1 , Pengfei Zhang 1
1 State key lab of metal matrix composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai China
Show AbstractThe red to near-infrared (IR) wavelength window (600-900 nm) is rapidly emerging as an important region of the electromagnetic spectrum for biological imaging and detection. Unfortunately, there are relatively few near-IR-emitting organic fluorophores available, and these near-IR-emitting organic fluorophores tend to photobleach and have a narrow absorption profile and broad emission full width at half-maximum (FWHM). These problems limit the use of current organic-based near-IR-emitting fluorophores for ultrasensitive and multiplexed biological imaging and detection. With the introduction of quantum dots (QDs) to the biological community, the ability to design near-IR-emitting fluorescence probes is expected to be rather simple, because the optical emission of QDs can be tuned by size, shape, and composition. Recently, alloyed semiconductor quantum dots of cadmium selenium telluride (CdSe1-xTex) have been developed to achieve continuous tuning of the optical properties without changing the particle size. With red-shifted light emission up to 850 nm and quantum yields up to 60%, this new class of alloyed quantum dots opens new possibilities in band gap engineering and in developing near-infrared fluorescent probes for biological imaging and biomarker detection. However, expensive and toxic phosphines were used as coordinating solvents for the synthesis procedure, which limits the production of CdSe1-xTex QDs in organics to milligram quantities. Therefore, investigations on synthesis of CdSe1-xTex QDs in phosphine-free organics have become important and attractive.Our contribution details a new route to prepare high quality CdSe1-xTex QDs in paraffin liquid at relatively low temperatures (200°C-260°C). Paraffin liquid and oleic acid were used as the solvent and ligand instead of expensive and toxic phosphines of tri-n-octylphosphine (TOPO) and hexadecylamine (HAD). By investigating in detail the effect of changing Te to Se molar ratio of the precursors, the concentration of the precursors, reaction temperature and the quantity of the ligand, it is possible to obtain CdTe QDs with high PL quantum yield (up to 70% at the room temperature), broad emission spectra ranging from 600nm to 820nm and narrow FWHM between 40~50nm. The thermal stability of the alloyed quantum dots was also studied. With temperature increasing from 10 to 60°C, the PL intensity of the prepared CdSe1-xTex QDs declined by less than 20% without any change of the absorption spectra, suggesting that these alloyed QDs have good thermal stability, which is an important property for their bio-applications. Moreover, the as-prepared CdSe1-xTex QDs were successfully embedded into the porous polystyrene (PS) beads capped with carboxylic acid groups to fabricate optically encoded beads, which suggests their promising application in multiplexed bioassays.
PP3: Poster Session: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications in Biology I
Session Chairs
Jinwoo Cheon
Hedi Mattoussi
Tuesday AM, November 27, 2007
Exhibition Hall D (Hynes)
9:00 PM - PP3.1
FRET-Based Quantum Dot-DNA Molecular Probes for Detection of Avian Flu Virus.
Youngseon Choi 1 , Haejin Kwon 1 , Jeeyong Ryu 1 , Sunhee Lim 1 , Jaeseung Kim 2 , Alexey Dan-Chin-Yu 3 , Rita Song 1
1 NanoBio Chemistry, Institut Pasteur Korea, Suwon Korea (the Republic of), 2 Medicinal Chemistry, Institut Pasteur Korea, Suwon Korea (the Republic of), 3 Diagnostics, Institut Pasteur Korea, Suwon Korea (the Republic of)
Show AbstractDetection of specific DNA sequence targets in a highly sensitive and quantitative manner is critical in identification of biomarkers in various infectious and genetic diseases. Conventional approaches based on small organic dyes or fluorophore labeled proteins are limited due to the intrinsic background signal giving false positive signal as well as photobleaching. Recently, CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QD) modified with molecular recognition agents such as oligonucleotides, peptides, and antibodies, have been of great interest as ultrasensitive and specific molecular probes due to their remarkable photophysical properties including high quantum yield, narrow size-tunable photoluminescence, and well-known photostability. Specifically, QDs as FRET donors have been utilized to detect nucleic acids for the potential application to gene expression assay and single nucleotide genotyping. In this study we sought to develop QD-based Taqman® type probe for the sensitive detection of DNA derived from Avian Flu Virus (H5N1). As a proof-of-concept experiment, we designed QD-DNA probes via either ligand exchange reaction or conjugation chemistry. Dye-incorporated oligonucleotides as FRET quencher was attached to CdSe/ZnS QDs, then hybridized with the target DNA. Hybridization of the probe with the target was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. FRET efficiency of the probes and the recovery of QD fluorescence upon the enzyme treatment will be investigated with regard to the number of dye-incorporated DNAs per QD and the conditions for enzyme reactions.
9:00 PM - PP3.10
Monolayer Protected Clusters of Gold (AuMPCs): Synthesis and Characterization.
Neerish Revaprasadu 1 , Ndabenhle Sosibo 1 , Robert Tshikhudo 2
1 Chemistry, University of Zululand, Empangeni, KZN, South Africa, 2 Project AuTek, Mintek, Randburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Show AbstractHigh affinity thiolate-based ligands have been shown to impart a great deal of stability onto the monolayer protected clusters (MPCs). Due to the extreme stability of the gold-sulfur bond, the ligand forms a protective layer around the gold core and controls the subsequent properties of the resultant clusters.1 The choice of ligand controls the hydrophilicity and biocompatibility of the clusters. Thiolated-poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) based ligands have found a popular use due to their water solubility and capping power as protective agents on gold surfaces. Many applications in nanobiology and nanomedicine have benefited from the biomolecular conjugates of these AuMPCs. Specific areas such as diagnostics, drug delivery, and gene delivery have taken advantage of the use of specifically tailored MPCs.2Synthesis and characterization of gold monolayer protected clusters capped with different sulfur-based water soluble ligands will be presented. Conjugation of these materials with selected biomolecules such as proteins will be presented. Multiple ligand capping of gold clusters yielding mixed MPCs (MMPCs) will also be presented. Results from techniques such as UV-Vis, TEM and agarose gel electrophoresis will be presented.
9:00 PM - PP3.11
Distribution and Aggregation of Gold Nanorods in Living Cells.
Yasuro Niidome 1 , Keisuke Higashimoto 1 , Yukichi Horiguchi 1 , Naotoshi Nakashima 1
1 , Kyushu University, Fukuoka Japan
Show AbstractUptake processes of nanoparticles into targeted cells have been studied to understand and design the functions of the nanoparticles in in vivo and in vitro systems. Gold nanorods are rod-shaped gold nanoparticles which are synthesized in micellar solutions of cationic amphiphiles. Colloidal gold nanorods passivated with phosphatidylcholine were taken up in cultivating cells, and formed aggregates. The aggregates efficiently scattered the light. In addition, the PC-nanorods accumulated in (or on) nuclei without additional modification of the functional molecules such as nuclear localization signal peptides.
9:00 PM - PP3.12
Protein-Nanoparticle Conjugates as a Potential Therapeutic Agents For Treatment of Hyperlipidemia.
Vladimir Reukov 1 , John Barry 1 , Alexey Vertegel 1
1 Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States
Show AbstractAtherosclerosis, the leading cause of death in the developed world, is responsible for more than half of the yearly mortality in the United States. One of the most important risk factors for atherosclerosis is hyperlipidemia, characterized by elevated blood levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). Excessive LDLs can accumulate in the vicinity of a small vascular injury, forming so-called fatty streaks, the first manifestation of atherosclerotic plaque. Hyperlipidemia is often related to the lack of LDL receptors in hepatocytes, which consequently couldn’t recognize LDLs and makes their further metabolism impossible . Here, we show that nanoparticles can be used to enhance delivery of low-density lipoproteins to liver via alternative route of uptake by liver macrophage (Kupffer) cells, which eventually results in their digestion by lysosomes and thus, provides the pathway similar to that of normal LDLs uptake by hepatocytes. Monoclonal antibody to human apolipoprotein-B (Apo-B100, Meridian Life Science Inc., ME) was covalently attached to 100 nm chloromethylated polystyrene latex nanoparticles. Tween 20 was used to remove physically adsorbed enzyme. The amount of the antibody covalently attached to nanoparticles was quantified using fluorescent labeling. To study binding of nanoparticles to LDL, LDLs were FITC labeled, mixed with the suspension of unlabeled antibody-nanoparticle conjugates, and incubated for 2 hours at room temperature. The suspension was then centrifuged at 2,000 g to precipitate only nanoparticles with bound LDLs, but not free LDLs, from the suspension. The supernatant was then removed and fluorescence was measured using a microplate reader, pellet was resuspended in same amount of the buffer. Uptake of fluorescently labeled LDL-nanoparticle complexes by Kupffer cells was studied using a fluorescence microscope. Kupffer cell cultures, harvested from chicken liver, were treated with fluorescently-labeled LDL-nanoparticle complexes and incubated for 4 h at 37°C. The cells were then carefully washed 4 times by 3 mL of PBS buffer (37°C). Suspension of fluorescently labeled free LDLs was used as a control. After washing, cells were investigated with the microscope to determine whether or not binding to macrophages had occurred. After that live/dead cell assay kit was used to check viability of treated Kupffer cells. Future work will focus on utilization of more biodegradable nanoparticles (such as PLA or polyketals) and nanodevices uptake by liver and their toxicity in animal models.
9:00 PM - PP3.13
Facile Fabrication and Near-Infrared Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Properties of Two-dimensional PS@Au Core/Shell Nanoparticle Arrays, and Their Use as a Ultra-sensitive Bio-sensors.
Zettsu Nobuyuki 1 , Shuhei Uchida 1 , Kazuya Yamamura 1 , Katsuyoshi Endo 1
1 Recearch Center for Ultra-Precision Science and Technology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
Show Abstract The location of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peaks in the visible region from an individual gold nanoparticle is instrumental to various colorimetric applications that involve the use of the naked eye to detect color changes. For biological applications that require deeper penetration of near-infrared (NIR) light, to which both blood and soft tissue are highly transparent, a different type of Au nanostructure is required. We demonstrated here facile fabrication and characterization of PS@Au core-shell nanoparticles array through a combination with colloidal self-assembly and atmospheric pressure plasma glow discharge treatment, which find use in application such as in-situ monitoring of bio-medical event in blood. The desired two-dimensional (2D) PS@Au core/shell nanoparticles arrays were prepared in three steps including fabrication of 2D PS nanoparticles array using colloidal self-assembly, size tuning of PS nanopaticles under atmospheric helium (He) plasma glow discharge, and Au vacuum evaporation coating onto the PS nanoparticles array. We found the size and interparticle distance of PS@Au core/shell nanoparticles could be tuned well according to the change of particle shapes. There were two plasmon peaks at ca. 600 nm and 1000 nm, respectively. Decreasing size of PS@Au core/shell nanoparticles shifted the peak position in NIR region to longer wavelength, even though the peak in visible region remained unchanged the position. This suggested the peak at 600nm was contributed to the interaction between the PS@Au core/shell nanoparticles and the Si substrate. To understand this optical feature, we demonstrated Mie theory calculations for an individual PS@Au core/shell nanoparticle with 10nm shall thickness and 160 nm core diameter. The calculation indicated that the particle has an LSPR peak in the NIR region. We need further theoretical analysis such as finite different time domain (FDTD) electrodynamics to explain the SPR perk in visible region. We have further investigated two-dimensional (2D) PS@Au core/shell nanoparticles arrays on Si wafer as potential label-free optical transduction elements in a nanoscale biosensor. We found the LSPR peaks were clearly shifted when immersing the PS@Au core/shell nanoparticles arrays in different dielectric media.
9:00 PM - PP3.14
Synthesis of Monofunctional Gold Nanoparticles and Their Applications.
Qun Huo 1
1 Nanoscience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States
Show AbstractIn the bottom-up approach towards nanomaterial development, there are two very important aspects to be addressed: one is the synthesis of nanobuilding blocks and the other one is how to assemble the nanobuilding blocks together into materials or devices with ideal structures, properties and functions. The property of a nanomaterial is not only dependent on individual nanobuilding blocks, but also affected dramatically by the architectural organization of nanobuilding blocks and their interactions. In order to achieve a precise control on the organized nanoassemblies, the chemical structure and functionality of individual nanobuilding blocks such as nanoparticles must be controlled at molecular levels. Recently our group developed a solid phase synthesis method to prepare monofunctional nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles that contain a single chemical functional group on the surface (Chem. Comm. 2004, 518-519; Langmuir 2004, 20, 8343-8351; Chem. Mater. 2004, 16, 3746-3755; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 8008-8009). Using these molecular nanobuilding blocks, we can synthesize sophisticated nanoparticle/polymer hybrid materials such as “nanonecklaces”, “nanochains” and nanoparticle clusters from very simple and traditional chemical reactions, just like the total chemical synthesis of sophisticated natural organic compounds from smaller molecular units. These materials provide excellent opportunities for one to probe and study the inter-nanoparticle interactions in a quantitative fashion from different dimensions. An example of using this approach to improve the nonlinear optical property of gold nanoparticles will be presented, along with a few other potential applications of gold nanoparticles in different areas.
9:00 PM - PP3.15
Biological Properties of Cancer Cell Labeled with Visible Luminescent Nanocrystalline Silicon Particles and Visualization Observation in Mouse.
Keisuke Sato 1 2 , Masaki Hiruoka 2 , Kenji Hirakuri 2 , Kohki Fujioka 3 , Kenji Yamamoto 3
1 Quantum Beam Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, 2 Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Hikigun, Saitama, Japan, 3 Department of Medical Ecology and Informatics, International Medical Center of Japan, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
Show AbstractLuminescent semiconductor nanoparticles such as cadmium sulfide (CdS) and cadmium selenide (CdSe) have been widely studied for application to biomedical engineering fields. These nanoparticle materials, however, have some problems for the safety to living organism, and the fluidity and excretion in living organism due to the increase of the particle size. Therefore, it is expected to develop the new nanoparticle materials with some features of non-toxic and minimal particle size. We have been fabricated the nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) particles, which continuously emits from red light up to blue light by reducing the size to 2.5nm or less. In this paper, biological properties of the cancer cell labeled with the nc-Si particles and the visualization observation in mouse will be discussed.HeLa cell was seeded in multi-well culture plate at a density of 5 × 104 cell/well and then was cultured in minimum essential medium (MEM) supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum at 37 °C in a 95 % O2-5 % CO2 humidified atmosphere for 48 hours. After that, the some well including the HeLa cell was added the MEM containing the nc-Si particles with a size of 2.5 nm and was cultured at 37 °C in a 95 % O2-5 % CO2 humidified atmosphere for 48 hours. The concentration of nc-Si particles added in the HeLa cell was varied from 2×10-4 μM to 200 μM. Moreover, the nc-Si particles were also directly injected into the lymphatic vessel of mouse by syringe. The injection concentration of nc-Si particles was 4.5 mg.The nc-Si particles were engulfed in the HeLa cell with a progress in the culture term. The viability of HeLa cell was very high for englobement concentration of nc-Si particles up to 200 μM. Moreover, strong red luminescence could be obtained from the HeLa cell with the nc-Si particles by irradiation of UV light. On the other hand, the nc-Si particles stably and smoothly flowed to the lymph node with the strong emission of red light after injection into the lymphatic vessel.
9:00 PM - PP3.17
Silicon Nanocrystal Conjugation to Streptavidin.
Jonghoon Choi 1 2 , Peter Niarhos 1 , Nam Sun Wang 1 , Vytas Reipa 2
1 Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States, 2 Biochemical Science, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
Show AbstractThe high affinity and specificity of avidin–biotin interactions are used for diverse applications in immunology, histochemistry, and in situ hybridization. Silicon nanocrystals (SNs) have been recently recognized as efficient and biocompatible fluorescence tags. We have covalently attached photoluminescent SNs to streptavidin. Selective conjugation of SNs to a target protein is accomplished through a multistep surface modification of SNs. In the first step, alkane monolayer is attached to freshly prepared hydrogen terminated SNs through photo catalyzed hydrosilylation. Alkane provides a chemical linkage to the hetero bifunctional cross linker (4-azido-2,3,5,6,-tetrafluorobenzoic acid, succinimidyl ester), and stabilizes the nanoparticle against oxidation in aqueous environment. Next, an open end of bifunctional cross linker is reacted with streptavidin, and forms an amide linkage by way of succinimidyl ester reaction. Gel electrophoresis with fluorescence detection of the conjugate mixture shows distinct separate bands, corresponding to the free and multiparticle tagged streptavidin. Streptavidin functionality was tested by allowing the tagged protein to interact with biotinylated micro beads that displayed efficient photoluminescence after separation and thorough washing. Bright conjugate photoluminescence combined with the low SNs cytotoxicity offers an attractive fluorescence labeling platform for biological assays.
9:00 PM - PP3.18
Self-assembled Organic Nanoparticles for Immunofluorescence Labeling.
Hyong-Jun Kim 1 , Jiseok Lee 3 , Tae-Hoon Kim 5 , Taek Seung Lee 5 , Jinsang Kim 1 2 3
1 Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 3 Macomolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 5 Advanced Organic Materials and Textile System Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejon Korea (the Republic of), 2 Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
Show AbstractFluorescence labeling is a very important analytical technique for probing the structure of living cells. Since the introduction of the semi-conducting quantum dot, many researches have been focused on inorganic quantum dots for immunofluorscence labeling due to their high quantum yield, high molar extinction coefficients, broad absorption with narrow light emission, and good photo physical and chemical stability. Despite of these promising properties of semi-conducting quantum dots for fluorescence labeling, cyto-toxicity is a critical problem in any living cell or animal experiments. Alternative choices are dye-loaded latex particles and dye-doped silica colloids having improved photostability compared to conventional dye molecules. However, dye-loaded particles also have a critical limit of brightness due to the self-quenching when high density of dyes present at the nanoparticle surface. Thus, developing highly emissive, biocompatible, and chemically readily modifiable luminescent materials is strongly desired.In this presentation we will describe the development of highly emissive and highly photo-stable organic nanoparticles for immunofluorescence labelling. We developed a new benzoxazole molecule and self-assemble them with functionalized diacetylene molecules to obtain well organized spherical nanoparticles with 80nm diameter. The nanoparticles show largely enhanced green fluorescence having the quantum yield of 38% compared to the 3% in a solution. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding through J-aggregation is likely the origin of the high quantum yield of the nanoparticles. The benzoxazole nanoparticles were assembled with biotin-functionalized diacetylene molecules and used to selectively bind to patterned avidin on a solid substrate to demonstrate its application for the immunofluorescence labeling. Recognition-induced fluorescence development in the PDA passivation layer produce additional red emission providing the unique dual color emission capability to the PDA-oxadiazole nanoparticles.
9:00 PM - PP3.19
Synthesis of Cu-In-S Fluorescent Nanocrystals.
Kousuke Watanabe 1 , Masato Uehara 2 , Hiroyuki Nakamura 2 , Hideaki Maeda 1 2 3
1 Department of Molecular and Material Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka Pref., Japan, 2 , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tosu, Saga Japan, 3 , JST, CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-chou, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
Show AbstractSemiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) have received much attention due to their many applications particularly as fluorescence tags for biological molecules, and as tunable LEDs. The colloidal II-VI type semiconductor NCs are easily produced in organic solvent because they favor ionic bonding. However, most of II-VI type semiconductor NCs which are used in visible and near-infrared fluorescence include toxic elements. Therefore, we focused on the chalcopyrite materials. Chalcopyrite I-III-VI2 semiconductors such as CuInS2 and CuInSe2 are direct transition semiconductors which favor ionic bonding just like the II-VI type materials. These materials have a wider range of choices for elements. In addition, their properties have been investigated intensively, particularly in relation to their application as photovoltanic components of solar cells. CuInS2 (CIS) has a band gap energy of 1.5eV and is expected to show photoluminescence (PL) from visible range to near-infrared range by quantum effect. In this study, we synthesized CIS fluorescent NCs by heating organic metal complex, and investigated the relationship between optical and structural characteristics of the synthesized CIS NCs. The raw material solution was prepared by separate dissolution of copper iodide (I) and indium iodide (III) in oleylamine, and thioaceteamide in trioctylphosphine. The dissolved components were mixed together and the mixture was used as the raw material solution. This raw material solution was subjected to different reaction conditions such as heating from 160 to 240 °C for 3 to 60 sec using a microreactor. In several runs, the products were immersed in an organic solvent containing Zn2+, Cd2+ or Ag+ and heated at 180 °C as a post-treatment.In all product solutions, we observed the red light emission at ambient temperature by irradiation with black light. In the optical spectra, the absorption and PL emission peak was shifted to longer wavelength with an increase in synthesis temperature. The PL emission peak varied from 620 to 680 nm. The maximum quantum yield (QY) of 6% was obtained under the reaction condition of 200 °C for 10 sec. The crystal phase of all products was confirmed as tetragonal phase by XRD. The average sizes obtained from HRTEM observations ranges from 2.5 to 3.5 nm.Furthermore, we successfully improved QY of CIS NCs by our post treatment procedure, that is, by re-heating the CIS NCs dispersed in organic solvent containing a particular metal salt (Zn2+, Cd2+ or Ag+). The observed effects of metal ions to nanocrystal properties varied. In the case of zinc or cadmium, considerable improvements from the original 6% QY to higher yields of 25 - 35% were observed.
9:00 PM - PP3.2
Stability, Cytotoxicity, and Cell-uptake of II-VI Semiconductor Nanoparticles.
Andrea Salcher 1 , Marija Nikolic 1 , Tatjana Achenbach 2 , Horst Weller 1 2
1 Physical Chemistry, University Hamburg, Hamburg Germany, 2 , Center for Applied Nanotechnology, Hamburg Germany
Show AbstractColloidal II-VI semiconductor quantum dots, especially in their advanced form as core-shell and core-shell-shell nanocrystals, are very promising materials in Biomedicine. They are used as target diagnostic cancer-imaging agents, as aids to optically guided surgery, as smart drug-delivery systems, and as biosensors. Compared to conventionally used organic fluorophores, these nanoparticles have a variety of advantages such as narrow emission spectra, broad absorption spectra, a tunable emission according to their size, and above all their excellent resistance to photobleaching. Much progress has been made in this field recently, however the toxicity and the uptake of the nanoparticles into cells are only partially investigated[1,2].We present highly monodisperse CdSe/CdS core-shell and CdSe/CdS/ZnS core-shell-shell nanocrystals synthesised in organic solvents at high temperatures[3,4]. In order to use them in Biomedicine they have to be water soluble. We developed a method to bring them into water by ligand exchange with modified poly(ethyleneoxide)[5]. For the purpose of near-infrared fluorescent probes for in vivo molecular imaging alloyed semiconductor nanoparticles (e.g. cadmium selenide telluride) have been produced following the well-established CdSe synthesis[3]. Our results demonstrate that a partial ion exchange can be successfully used to tune the optical and electronic properties.First results in activating and conjugating the nanoparticles to biological molecules and in vitro experiments using cell-culture models will be shown.References:[1] Bruchez et al, Science, 1998, 281, 2013.[2] Hardman, Environmental Health Perspectives, 2006, 114, 165.[3] Mekis et al., J. Phys. Chem. B, 2003, 107, 7454.[4] Eychmüller, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2000, 104, 6514.[5] Nikolic et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2006, 45, 6577.
9:00 PM - PP3.20
Surface Enhanced Raman and Infrared spectroscopy (SERS and SEIRA) of Ibuprofen Intercalated Hybrid Bilayer Nanoshells.
Carly Levin 1 , Janardan Kundu 1 , Benjamin Janesko 1 , Gustavo Scuseria 1 , Robert Raphael 2 , Naomi Halas 1 2 3
1 Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States, 2 Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States, 3 Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
Show Abstract9:00 PM - PP3.4
The Effects of Chemical Functionalization vs. Biological Functionalization on Nanoparticle Binding Affinity.
Julia Patrone 1 , James Crookston 1 , Huong Le 1 , Jason Benkoski 1 , Jennifer Sample 1
1 RTDC, JHU Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, United States
Show AbstractDue to their small size, high diffusivity, and chemically active surfaces, nanoparticles share much in common with water-soluble proteins. These similarities have generated great interest in using biofunctional nanoparticles as a route to deliver targeted therapeutics. Already nanoparticles have found applications in the hyperthermia of tumors, personal care lotions, and tissue scaffolding. Our study focuses on the targeting of such nanoparticles to specific biological sites. It therefore seeks to identify the factors that control the migration and capture of nanoparticles within living systems. In particular, we examine the affinity of anti-collagen coated magnetite nanoparticles for collagen IV-coated surfaces and for epithelial tissue culture cell line. The studies are performed in vitro within microfluidic devices that are designed to mimic various fluid flow patterns within the body. We find, in this case, a large background signal due to nonspecific binding. Further examination shows a correlation between chemical functionality (e.g., surface charge, hydrophilicity) that suggests that a balanced approach between biological functionality and chemical functionality may reduce the background from nonspecific binding to acceptable levels.
9:00 PM - PP3.5
Designed Fabrication of Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications.
Jaeyun Kim 1 , Ji Eun Lee 1 , Taeghwan Hyeon 1
1 National Creative Research Initiative Center for Oxide Nanocrystalline Materials, and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul Korea (the Republic of)
Show Abstract Clever combinations of different nanoscale materials will make it possible to develop new multifunctional nano-biomedical platforms for simultaneous targeted delivery, fast diagnosis, and efficient therapy. In this presentation, I would like to present designed fabrication of multifunctional nanostructured materials based on nanoparticles and nanoporous materials and their bio-medical applications. Multifunctional nanoporous silica spheres embedding uniform magnetite and quantum dot nanoparticles were synthesized (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 688). The resulting multifunctional nanomaterials have the high surface area and large pore volumes, derived from mesoporous silica, and the superparamagnetic and luminescent properties, come from incorporated nanoparticles. The drug loading and controlled release of them from multifunctional mesoporous silica spheres were demonstrated. A simple, reproducible, and general method of preparing multifunctional nanoparticle assemblies on silica spheres was developed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 4789). Magnetite nanoparticles synthesized in an organic phase were covalently bonded onto silica spheres through a simple nucleophilic substitution reaction between terminal bromo-groups of ligands of nanoparticles and amino-functional groups of silica spheres. Using these magnetite nanoparticle/silica sphere composites as supports for further assembly of nanoparticles, multifunctional nanoparticle/silica sphere assemblies could be prepared. Nanoparticles of Au, CdSe/ZnS, or Pd were assembled on free residual amino groups of silica spheres. These multifunctional nanoparticle/silica sphere assembly exhibited combined properties of magnetism with surface plasmon resonance, luminescence, or catalysis. Multifunctional magnetic gold nanoshells (Mag-GNS) consisted of gold nanoshells embedding magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were synthesized and anti-HER2/neu was conjugated to Mag-GNS for targeted MRI and NIR photothermal therapy of cancer cells (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 7754). SKBR-3 cells targeted with Mag-GNS exhibited darker T2-weighted images than control cells, and were rapidly destroyed upon short exposure to femtosecond laser pulses with an NIR wavelength and a low power. Finally, multifunctional polymer nanoparticles for the cancer-targeted MRI and drug delivery were synthesized. The magnetite nanoparticles and the doxorubicin were encapsulated in biodegradable PLGA polymer matrix. The surface of the polymer nanoparticles were functionalized PEG-folic acid conjugate to target the folate receptors expressed on cancer cells (KB cells). The cancer specific targeting of the multifunctional polymer nanoparticles resulted in MRI detection and therapy of the cancer cells. In addition, magnetite nanoparticles loaded in the polymer nanoparticles imparted the magnetic guiding, providing enhanced synergetic cancer-targeting in company with the folic acid targeting.
9:00 PM - PP3.6
Fluorescent and Magnetic Resonance Imaging by Rare Earth Doped Nanoparticles with Garnet Structure.
Ryo Asakura 1 , Hiroshi Sakane 1 , Kunihiro Noda 1 , Tetsuhiko Isobe 1 , Masahito Morita 2 3 , Toshiro Inubushi 2
1 , Keio University, Yokohama Japan, 2 , Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu Japan, 3 , PRESTO, JST, Saitama Japan
Show AbstractOrganic dyes commonly used for quantitative analysis of protein and imaging of tissue. However, they have some problem such as fading on preservation and observation. Inorganic nanosized phosphors with garnet structure are one of the key materials to break through these problems. We have already reported the glycothermal synthesis of Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ (YAG:Ce3+) nanophosphor of ~10 nm in diameter [1]. Biotinylated YAG:Ce3+ nanoparticles tagged avidin-immobilized microbeads through the specific avidin-biotin interaction and a green emission image was obtained under blue light excitation with a fluorescent microscope [2].In this work, we focus on nanoparticles with functions of either near infrared (NIR) fluorescence or MR contrasting enhancement and both of them. The transmittance of NIR light through tissues is so high. NIR light hardly induces autofluorescence from tissue. Therefore, we can improve the sensitivity of imaging using excitation and emission in the NIR region. Moreover, a fluorescent-MR contrasting multimodal probe enables us to take fluorescent and MR images using a single probe. Here we synthesize rare earth doped nanoparticles with garnet structure, which work as a NIR fluorescent probe and MR contrast agent, and characterize their properties.Nanoparticles with garnet structure such as Y3(1-x)Gd3xAl5O12 and Gd3Ga5O12 were synthesized from acetates, acetylacetonates and alcoxides and so on by autoclave treatment in a coordinating glycol solvent with a high boiling point, e.g., 1,4-butanediol. The as-prepared and low-temperature heated particles were well-dispersed in water. According to X-ray diffraction profiles, their crystal structure are garnet-type and they contain no byproduct. Moreover, we doped a NIR emission centers such as Yb3+ and Tm3+ into garnet crystal. Yb3+-doped nanoparticles after heating at temperatures over 600 oC show the emission at 1030 nm corresponding to the f-f transition of Yb3+ under the NIR excitation. Nanoparticles containing Gd element were dispersed in agarose gel and T1-weighted MR images depended on their concentration. These nanoparticles are expected to be applied for bioimaging.[1] R. Kasuya, T. Isobe, H. Kuma, J. Katano, J. Phys. Chem. B., 109, 22126 (2006).[2] R. Asakura, T. Isobe, K. Kurokawa, H. Aizawa, M. Ohkubo, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 386, 1641 (2006).
9:00 PM - PP3.7
Gold Nanocages for Biomedical Applications: Recent Advances.
Sara Skrabalak 1 , Leslie Au 1 , Jingyi Chen 1 , Xingde Li 1 , Younan Xia 1
1 , University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
Show AbstractGold nanocages are hollow and porous nanostructures with edge lengths < 100 nm. They are synthesized by the galvanic replacement reaction between Ag nanocubes and HAuCl4. By controlling the amount of HAuCl4 added to the reaction media, the position of the surface plasmon resonance peak of the resultant Au nanocages can be precisely tuned into the near-infrared where the attenuation of light by blood and soft tissue is negligible. Thus, the optical properties of the Au nanocages can be considered for use in biomedical applications. Here, we highlight recent advances in the use of Au nanocages as both optical contrast enhancement and photothermal therapy agents. Our preliminary experiments indicate that Au nanocages do provide enhanced contrast when integrated with optical coherence tomography and can serve as photothermal transducers for the selective ablation of cancer cells. These results suggest that Au nanocages represent a new class of biocompatible nanostructures for cancer detection and treatment.
9:00 PM - PP3.8
Identification of Unamplified Genomic DNA Sequences by Plasmon Resonance on Gold Nanoparticles Using a Novel Thin Film Photodetector.
Rodrigo Martins 1 2 , Pedro Baptista 3 , Leonardo Silva 2 1 , Leandro Raniero 4 , Goncalo Doria 3 5 , Ricardo Franco 5 , Elvira Fortunato 2 1
1 CEMOP, Uninova, Caparica Portugal, 2 CENIMAT I3N, FCTUNL, Caparica Portugal, 3 CIGMH/SABT, FCTUNL, Caparica Portugal, 4 INMetro, Inst. Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial , Rio de Janeiro Brazil, 5 REQUIMTE & Departamento de Química, FCTUNL, Caparica Portugal
Show AbstractNowadays many clinical diagnostic applications require simple and inexpensive assays for detection and quantification of very small amounts of DNA. Standard nucleic acid diagnostics is dominated by fluorescence-based assays using complex and expensive enzyme-based target or signal-amplification procedures. Recently, several colorimetric detection methods for identifying nucleic acid based on the distance-dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticles have been reported, which involve the recognition of the specific target sequence by DNA-modified gold nanoparticle probes. We have developed a novel colorimetric method [1] enabling for detection of nucleic acid targets in a homogeneous format without target or signal amplification, with a highly improved sensitivity by means of a new optoelectronic detection platform based on an amorphous silicon thin film photodetector. This new optoelectronic detection platform permits the detection of at least 400 fentomole of specific DNA sequences, and was applied to the rapid detection of human pathogens in large variety of clinical samples such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and of single point mutations (Beta-globin locus). The low cost auto-powered equipment together with its compatibility with microfluidic sample handling and its low complexity will be discussed, together with the optoelectronic performances of the platform developed.
9:00 PM - PP3.9
The Role of Competitive Ion Coordination in the Formation of Metal Nanoparticles Mediated by Block Copolymers.
Alessandro Napoli 1 , Cornelia Palivan 1 , Björn Niesen 1 , Wolfgang Meier 1
1 Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel Switzerland
Show AbstractWe have investigated the formation of gold nanoparticles mediated by amphiphilic block copolymers in water. Block copolymers of hydrophobic poly(propylene sulfide) (PPS) and hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) form supramolecular aggregates such as vesicles and micelles and offer two distinct chemical moieties (R-S-R, R-O-R) for coordination to Aun+ ions and binding to metallic Au0. Different preparation methods and copolymer architectures have been investigated and characterized by TEM, UV-VIS and IR spectroscopy and coupled to electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) on paramagnetic Cu2+ ions. In a common solvent (e.g. chloroform) the competition between thioethers and ethers is dictated mainly by equilibrium constants with the first favored over the second. In water, a solvent only for PEG, accessibility of thioethers and their oxidation by chloroaurate inverts the situation and different strategies have to be considered to obtain nanoparticles where thioethers act as stable ligands. The results highlight the ultimate role of metal ion complexation in determining the shape and size distribution of metallic clusters stabilized by heteroatom polymeric ligands.The coexistence of a polyether and a polythioether block poses a fundamental question: which atoms are involved in Au ionic species coordination (nucleation) and in the subsequent binding to Au0 clusters. As observed in other block copolymer systems based on polyethers, C-O-C moieties can coordinate Au ions and drive its disproportionation into metallic clusters. The higher affinity of C-S-C for Au ions is here limited in water by the hydrophobic character of the block. Thus the availability of S for gold binding strongly depends on the hydrophilic/lipophilic balance of the block copolymers affecting the aggregate morphology, curvature and critical micellar concentration (CMC), the latter indicating the concentration of non-aggregated copolymer chains. Moreover, it is known that in presence of water chloroaurate catalyzes the oxidation of thioethers into sulfoxides. We have observed such oxidation in certain copolymer architectures and exploited it for one-pot synthesis of gold nanoparticles.
Symposium Organizers
Jinwoo Cheon Yonsei University
Hedi Mattoussi Naval Research Laboratory
Christof M. Niemeyer Universitaet Dortmund
Geoffrey Strouse Florida State University
PP4: Toxicity of and Sensing with Biocompatible Nanoparticles
Session Chairs
Aaron Clapp
Elizabeth Jares-Erijman
Tuesday AM, November 27, 2007
Room 203 (Hynes)
9:30 AM - **PP4.1
Physico-chemical Properties of Quantum Dots and their Impact on Cells: the Janus Face of QDs.
Francoise Winnik 1 , Dusica Maysinger 2
1 Chemistry, Universite de Montreal, Montreal , Quebec, Canada, 2 Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
Show AbstractNanoparticles, such as luminescent quantum dots, ferrofluids, gold nanoparticles, and polymer micelles, are studied extensively as bioimaging tools for cells and whole organisms and as nano-containers for controlled and/or sustained drug delivery. The staggering variety of such nanoparticles in our environment and laboratories has become a cause for concern. Indeed, only a rather limited number of nanoparticles has actually been assessed in detail, either in vitro or in vivo, for evidence of biocompatibility and safety of use in the laboratory or in daily life. Clearly, there is a need to evaluate the potential threat that nanoparticles might pose to the organism. The overall objective of the work presented is to determine the impact of nanoparticles on cell functions, with a focus on metal nanoparticles, primarily quantum dots (QDs) and on their effects on live cells and animals. Special emphasis will be placed on QDs subcellular distribution, and on the effects of QDs on cellular organelles. Induction of cell death by nanoparticles is discussed in the context of the composition and physico-chemical properties of selected nanoparticles and of the cell status.
10:00 AM - PP4.2
Non-invasive Technique for Intracellular Delivery of Nanosensors into Stem Cells
Karen Fisher 1 2 , Jonathan Aylott 2 , Rhodri Jones 2 , Vesselin Paunov 1
1 Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, North Humberside, United Kingdom, 2 School of Pharmacy and Department of Immunology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham United Kingdom
Show AbstractWe report a new method for delivery of nanosensors through the membrane of living stem cells. The method is based on using cationic liposomes as encapsulating agents for nanosensors as their membranes naturally fuse with cellular membrane. This makes them prospective vehicles for intracellular delivery of nanosensor probes. Polyacrylamide nanosensor particles were prepared by water-in-oil microemulsion polymerisation where the monomers (acrylamide and N,N-methylene bisacrylamide) and fluorophores are dissolved in water and introduced to the microemulsion as the aqueous phase. The produced nanosensors are spherical polymeric particles with a typical diameter of 50 nm which results in sub-second response times, indeed some sensors respond in the millisecond timeframe. Nanosensors consist of a stimulus-responsive fluorescent probe encapsulated into a porous nanoparticle where the fluorophore and other components of the sensor cannot leak out and contaminate the cell interior, while the signal triggering component (analyte) can freely diffuse through the pores of the nanosensor matrix. Using this versatile methodology a range of pH and oxygen sensitive fluorophores were physically entrapped within the nanoparticles polymeric matrix by binding to high molecular weight dextran molecules. We used the lipid extrusion technique to encapsulate our nanosensor particles within the small liposomes doped with a cationic lipid. The nanosensor suspension was mixed with the cationic liposomes followed by multiple extrusions through a polycarbonate membrane. We used TEM to study the degree of encapsulation of the nanosensors inside the liposomes. We used human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) to test the nanosensor delivery method by exposing the cells to liposomes modified with fluorescently tagged lipids and cationic liposomes loaded with fluorescently labeled nanosensors. An increase in fluorescence of hMSC was seen following incubation with PC:PG:FITC DHPE liposomes. We also showed that the nanosensors are successfully delivered into the cell interior after incubation of the hMSC cells with nanosensor loaded liposomes which was confirmed by confocal fluorescence microscopy and other techniques. The developed new method for non-invasive intracellular delivery of nanosensors can find a number of applications for monitoring the local conditions inside cells for a number of cell types. Intracellular delivery of the nanosensors allows important metabolic markers (glucose, oxygen, calcium and pH) to be determined as hMSC differentiation occurs. This information can help to identify differentiation events and trigger the development of new classes of nanosensors to monitor and record the lineage commitments of hMSC.
10:15 AM - PP4.3
Investigation of Quantum Dot Induced Neurocytotoxicity UsingHigh Content Screening Assays.
Edward Jan 1 2 3 , Stephen Byrne 2 , Aine Whelan Whelan 2 , Yurii Gun ko 2 , Yuri Volkov 3 , Nicholas Kotov 1
1 Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 2 School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin Ireland, 3 Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin Ireland
Show Abstract10:30 AM - PP4.4
An Atomistic Level Description of the Quantum Dot Organic Ligand Interface by Ab initio Calculations: Effect of Core Structure on Cytotoxicity.
Rodion Belosludov 1 , Hiroshi Mizuseki 1 , Atsuo Kasuya 2 , Yoshiyuki Kawazoe 1
1 Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan, 2 Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
Show AbstractDespite the remarkable progress in the photostability and bio-fictionalization of QDs, a large and important limitation of these nanomaterials still exists in their potential high cyclotoxicity [1, 2]. The common strategy for making QD bioconjugates includes both covering the semiconductor core structure by a shell of semiconductor material with a larger band gap followed by a bio cap using different functional molecules which improve the solubility of the QD and provide a specific target to anticancer agents. However, even in this case, cyclotoxicity, correlated with the liberation of free Cd2+ ions due to deterioration of the CdSe lattice, has been observed [3].The aim of this study is to gain an understanding of the structural morphology of the core as well as the inorganic/organic interface at the atomistic level using highly accurate first-principles calculations in an effort to improve upon the materials currently used in cancer diagnosis. Therefore, one solution to the cytotoxicity problem is to design and synthesize new nanocomposites that are more stable than currently used crystalline QDs. Using first-principles calculations, we have predicted the existence of (CdSe)n (n=33 and 34) nanoparticles of 1.45 nm in size, which were also identified by experiment. These nanoparticles do not adopt the crystal form of CdSe while resembling more closely carbon fullerenes and are remarkably stable [4]. Using these configurations as initial structures, the new shell-core particles (ZnS)28/(CdSe)4 are found to be energetically stable and the outer cage structures based on ZnS are undistorted. We have also found a highly stable nanocluster (CdSe)61 with the same core/shell feature, allowing us to suggest the possibility of an experimental synthesis of fullerene-like structures with a diameter of approximately 2 nm.As a continuation, we investigated the effect of organic ligand binding on the stability of CdSe as well as CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles with both crystalline and fullerene-like structures. There are several ligands such as MAA, DTT, DHLA employed in these calculations. The results show that the interactions of these ligands with crystalline particles are stronger than with fullerene-like particles due to charge transfer between the organic ligand and the metal surface atoms. This leads to a strong distortion of the core surface and in some cases, to decomposition of the crystalline nanoparticle. Moreover, the full covering of QDs can be easily achieved in the case of nanoparticles in comparison to the crystalline forms. Our results indicate that decreasing the size of the imaging agent can possibly lead to biologically inert coverings, making it possible to avoid cellular toxicity. REFERENCES1.I. L. Medintz et al. Nature Materials 4, 435-446, 2005.2.X. Michalet et al. Science 307, 538-544, 2005.3.A.M. Derfus, W.C.W. Chan and S.N. Bhatia, Nano Lett. 4, 11-18, 2004.4.A. Kasuya et al., Nature Materials 3, 99-102, 2004.
10:45 AM - PP4.5
Fluorescence Detection of Proteolysis Using Quantum Dot-protein Substrates.
Aaron Clapp 1 , Igor Medintz 2 , Ellen Goldman 2 , Hedi Mattoussi 3
1 Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States, 2 Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 3 Optical Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
Show AbstractQuantum dot (QD)-protein bioconjugates were used as substrates to detect protease activity in solution. This method is based on measurable changes in the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency between QDs and surface-bound dye-labeled protein substrates following enzymatic digestion. Using a standard Michaelis-Menten model, we determined values for the Michaelis constant and the maximum enzymatic velocity for several enzyme-substrate pairs. Mechanisms of enzymatic inhibition and inhibitor dissociation constants and were also inferred from the FRET data collected in the presence of inhibitors.
11:00 AM - PP4.6
Live Cell Imaging with Semiconductor and Magnetic Quantum Dots.
S. Tamil Selvan 1 , Alex Lin 1 , Pranab Patra 1 , Chung Yen Ang 1 , Georgia Papaefthymiou 2 , Jackie Ying 1
1 , Insitute of Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, Singapore Singapore, 2 Department of Physics , Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, United States
Show AbstractThis talk will describe a facile synthesis of a bi-functional nanocomposite system consisting of magnetic nanoparticles (Fe2O3) and semiconductor quantum dots (CdSe QDs) developed in our laboratory. The CdSe QDs were grown onto preformed Fe2O3 cores at a high temperature (300°C) in the presence of organic surfactants, yielding either heterodimers or homogeneous dispersion of QDs around the cores. The resulting magnetic quantum dots (MQDs) exhibited tunable emission properties, and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) data illustrated that the MQDs were superparamagnetic. The plain QDs and MQDs (without ZnS capping) were coated with thin layers of silica, and used for the labeling of different live cell membranes (HepG2 human liver cancer cells, NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblast cells, and 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells) through a simple bioconjugation method. 1. S. T. Selvan, P. K. Patra, C. Y. Ang and J. Y. Ying, “Synthesis of Silica-Coated Semiconductor and Magnetic Quantum Dots and Their Use in the Imaging of Live Cells,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. (2007), 46, 2448-2452. 2. D. K. Yi, S. T. Selvan, S. S. Lee, G. C. Papaefthymiou, D. Kundaliya and J. Y. Ying, “Silica-Coated Nanocomposites of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2005), 127, 4990-4991. 3. S. T. Selvan, T. T. Tan and J. Y. Ying, “Robust, Non-Cytotoxic, Silica-Coated CdSe Quantum Dots with Efficient Photoluminescence,” Adv. Mater. (2005), 17, 1620-1625.
11:30 AM - **PP4.7
Nucleation of Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation in Live Cells by Quantum Dots.
Maria Roberti 1 2 , Thomas Jovin 2 , Elizabeth Jares-Erijman 1
1 Organic Chemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Argentina, 2 Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen Germany
Show AbstractWe exploited the multivalency of streptavidin-conjugate QDs to assemble artificial nucleation centers that exert a biological impact on a cellular event of interest, namely the aggregation of alpha-synuclein (AS). AS is an abundant and natively unfolded pre-synaptic protein (14 kDa) involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, which is characterized by the formation of aberrant, amyloid-like deposits of this protein. There is growing evidence indicating that cytotoxicity of effect on motor neurons is due to the oligomerization of AS, and many efforts are devoted to decipher both the physiological function and the mechanisms underlying the pathological self-association of AS. In previous work1, we fused AS with a 12-aa peptide bearing a tetracysteine tag (CCPGCC) for binding fluorogenic biarsenical compounds (e.g. FlAsH, ReAsH). Extensive characterization of the recombinant protein (AS-C4) indicated that the biophysical, biochemical and aggregation properties matched those of the wild-type protein, in vitro and inside cells. We show here that AS-conjugated QDs can act as nucleation seeds that induce the aggregation of FlAsH-labeled AS-C4. We were able to track simultaneously the fate of both the nucleation seeds and the bulk protein through fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy in vitro and inside cells (loaded by microinjection). We evaluated the ability of QDs as initiators for alpha-AS aggregation from two aspects: their effective concentration in the aggregation mixture, related to the probability of forming nucleation points, and the modulation effect of different AS-QD loading ratios.[1]. Fluorescence imaging of amyloid formation in living cells by a functional, tetracysteine-tagged alpha–synuclein; MJ Roberti, CW Bertoncini, R Klement, EA Jares Erijman, and TM Jovin; Nature Methods 4, 345 - 351 (2007).
12:00 PM - PP4.8
Spectral Barcoding of Polystyrene Beads Using Multicolored Quantum Dots for High-Throughput Screening Applications.
Shyam Vaidya 1 , Lane Gilchrist 1 , Charles Maldarelli 1 , Alexander Couzis 1
1 Chemical Engineering, City Collge of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States
Show AbstractThe focus of this presentation is the development of optically barcoded polymer beads for use in high-throughput, multiplexed screening applications such as protein microarrays or flow cytometry. Luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals (or quantum dots (QDs)) with different emission wavelengths (colors), and encapsulated in different compositions in polystyrene (PS) beads are used to define an optical barcode. The encapsulation is undertaken by copolymerizing the PS beads with hydrophobically capped, core-shell, CdSe/ZnS QDs, using a spraying suspension polymerization procedure. Liquid styrene monomer, containing a thermally activated free radical initiator and dispersed QDs in a prescribed composition, is sprayed as microdroplets (10-100 microns in diameter) into an aqueous solution. The microdroplets are then polymerized by heating, and the beads subsequently recovered. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images of the nanocrystal luminescence in the bead interior indicate that the QDs are segregated into inclusions distributed throughout the bead. CLSM and fluorimetry measurements of the emission spectra of PS beads embedded with three color QDs in varying concentrations are reported which verify that distinguishable optical barcodes derived from the spectral scans of these QD can be obtained by this technique. The emission spectra also indicate Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) from the lower wavelength to the higher wavelength emitting QDs, providing evidence that the QDs are situated within nanometers of each other in the inclusions. The addition of non-luminescent nanocrystals, such as silica or iron oxide, along with the QDs to separate the QDs from one another in the inclusions and reduce the energy transfer is also reported. We also report the assembly of the encoded beads onto a substrate surface as a microarray. Beads with an encapsulated iron oxide nanoparticle are spread into a monolayer on a substrate surface, and a magnetic field is applied underneath the surface to affix the microbeads to the substrate. The surface has been previously passivated with a polyethylene glycol oligomer to prevent nonspecific adsorption of biomolecules in an assay. This assembly is a prototype to host biological probes such as peptides, and antibodies. (In addition, by coating the beads with bilayers and sequestering membrane receptors in the bilayers, this platform can be used for the display of difficult to present membrane receptors which require a lipid environment to retain their biological binding ability.) In the bead-formatted microarray, binding of a target to a probe is detected in the usual manner for microarrays by the luminescence of a fluorescent label on the target. By reading the code on the bead lit by this label, the identity of the probe molecule binding the target can be obtained.
12:15 PM - PP4.9
Visualization and Sizing of Nano-particles in Liquid Solution Through the Independent yet Simultaneous Tracking of their Brownian Motion.
Andrew Malloy 1 , Bob Carr 1
1 , NanoSight Ltd, Salisbury United Kingdom
Show AbstractA nanoparticle tracking analysis system is described which allows nanoscale particles in a suspension to be visualised (but not imaged) and simultaneously but individually sized with higher particle size distribution resolution than other light scattering techniques [1]. Sample pre-treatment is minimal requiring only dilution with a suitable solvent to an acceptable concentration range (between 10^5 and 10^10 per ml depending on sample type). Accurate and reproducible analyses can be obtained from video of only a few seconds duration and the results allow particle number concentration to be recovered. Given the close to real-time nature of the technique, particle-particle interactions are accessible as is information about sample aggregation and dissemination. All particle types can be measured and in any solvent type providing that the particles scatter sufficient light to be visible (i.e. are not indexed matched). The minimum detectable size measurable depends on particle refractive index but can be as low as 10nm for high refractive index materials such as colloidal silver. The technique is robust and low cost representing an attractive alternative or complement to higher cost and more complex methods of nanoparticle analysis such as photon correlation spectroscopy or electron microscopy that are currently employed in a wide range of technical and scientific sectors. Finally, the technique uniquely allows the user a simple and direct qualitative view of the sample under analysis (perhaps to validate data obtained from other techniques such as PCS) and from which an independent quantitative estimation of sample size, size distribution and concentration can be immediately obtained.
12:30 PM - **PP4.10
Luminescent Lanthanide-ion Doped Nanoparticles as Single-Biomolecule Labels and Oxidant Sensors.
D. Casanova 1 , T. Nguyen 1 , D. Giaume 2 , G. Mialon 2 , M. Moreau 2 , T. Gacoin 2 , J. Boilot 2 , A. Alexandrou 1
1 Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences , CNRS-INSERM, Palaiseau France, 2 Laboratoire de Physique de la Matiere Condensee, CNRS, Palaiseau France
Show AbstractWe have recently demonstrated that lanthanide-ion doped oxide nanoparticles are an alternative class of biological fluorescent probes particularly attractive for single-molecule tracking applications [1]. They are synthesized directly in water, present high photostability and no blinking, narrow emission linewidths independent of nanoparticle size, and long excited state lifetimes which are useful for retarded detection schemes [1] and FRET applications [2].In the case of Y0.6Eu0.4VO4 nanoparticles, we have demonstrated that the size of each nanoparticle can be calculated from its luminosity measured with optical microscopy [3]. This is confirmed by the good agreement between the nanoparticle size distribution obtained from transmission electron microscopy measurements and the one calculated from luminosity histograms of individual nanoparticles. Small sizes down to 13 nm are detectable. Such an in situ size determination is important for assessing the perturbation of the biomolecule behavior induced by the nanoparticle label. After functionalization of these nanoparticles with guanidine or amine groups we can target sodium channels [1] or, more generally, amine and sulfhydryl groups on proteins, respectively. In addition, these nanoparticles are sensitive H2O2 detectors. We have shown that excitation of the nanoparticles at the 7F0,1-5D2 Eu3+ transition (466 nm) induces a reduction of Eu3+ ions to Eu2+ and a decrease of the nanoparticle luminosity at the 5D0-7F2 Eu3+ transition (617 nm). The presence of H2O2 induces the reverse process: oxidation of Eu2+ ions to Eu3+ and an increase of the nanoparticle luminosity at 617 nm. This luminescence recovery of single nanoparticles is remarkably linear with H2O2 concentration in a very broad range from 1 µM to 500 µM. Single Y0.6Eu0.4VO4 nanoparticles can thus be used as local, quantitative H2O2 sensors. The reversibility of the Eu2+ oxidation opens the possibility of following time-dependent H2O2 concentrations involved in various cell processes. Lanthanide-doped nanoparticles are therefore bifunctional labels allowing simultaneous biomolecule tracking and H2O2 sensing.[1] E. Beaurepaire, V. Buissette, M.-P. Sauviat, D. Giaume, K. Lahlil, A. Mercuri, D. Casanova, A. Huignard, J.-L. Martin, T. Gacoin, J.-P. Boilot, A. Alexandrou, Nano Lett. 4, 2079 (2004). [2] D. Casanova, D. Giaume, T. Gacoin, J.-P. Boilot, A. Alexandrou, J. Phys. Chem. B. 110, 19264 (2006).[3] D. Casanova, D. Giaume, E. Beaurepaire, T. Gacoin, J.-P. Boilot, A. Alexandrou, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 253103 (2006).
PP5: Nanoparticle-Nanoparticle and Nanoparticle-Bioreceptor Interactions
Session Chairs
A. Paul Alivisatos
Mostafa El-Sayed
Tuesday PM, November 27, 2007
Room 203 (Hynes)
2:30 PM - **PP5.1
Plasmon Rulers for Measuring Dynamical Distance Changes in Biological Macromolecular Assemblies.
Paul Alivisatos 1
1 Materials Sciences, Univ of CA-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
Show AbstractThe intensity and spectral signature of light scattering from Au nanocrystals depends strongly upon their separation. This phenomenon can be used to construct a spectroscopic ruler for monitoring the assembly and deformations of macromolecular complexes. More advanced arrangements consisting of groups of several nanocrystals are also under construction.
3:00 PM - PP5.2
Direct Attachment of Recombinant Poly-histidine Tag Proteins to Gold Nanoparticles.
Joshua Kogot 1 , Timothy Logan 1 2 , Geoffrey Strouse 1
1 Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States, 2 , Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
Show AbstractThe interface of biology and nanomaterials provides a mechanism for the further development of molecular beacons, drug delivery agents, optical sensors, and elucidation of biomolecule structures. Hence, a critical understanding about any perturbing effects that nanoparticles may have on the “normal” structure and function of biomolecules is necessary. A protein with an N-terminal poly-histidine tag is bound to the surface of a sub-2nm gold nanoparticle to understand the effect on biomolecule structure and function. Using techniques such as NMR, fluorescence, absorbance, and CD spectroscopy it is possible to determine changes in protein structure and loss of functionality due to direct attachment of the biomolecules to the gold nanoparticle surface. Biophysical methods such as CD spectroscopy and 2D-NMR are used to monitor global and local structure changes to the His-tag protein during incubation with the gold nanoparticles. Fluorescence spectroscopy and 2D-NMR both provide evidence for a single, covalent attachment of the protein to the gold nanoparticles. Protein functional studies by direct ligand binding, and the absence of widespread 2D-NMR chemical shift perturbations with the gold nanoparticles, suggests little or no loss in function upon incubation. Overall, protein binding to gold nanoparticles via a poly-histidine tag provides a useful bio-nano assembly mechanism for an effective covalent attachment using a common recombinant protein modification.
3:15 PM - PP5.3
Kinetics of Metal-Affinity Driven Self-Assembly between Proteins/Peptides and CdSe-ZnS Quantum Dots.
Kim Sapsford 1 , Thomas Pons 1 , Igor Medintz 1 , Florence Brunel 2 , S. Higashiya 3 , Philip Dawson 2 , Hedi Mattoussi 1
1 Optical Sciences Division and Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 2 Departments of Cell Biology & Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States, 3 Department of Chemistry, SUNY Albany, Albany , New York, United States
Show Abstract3:30 PM - **PP5.4
Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Dual Mode Imaging and Therapy.
Kimberly Hamad-Schifferli 1
1 Biological and Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractMultifunctional particles have generated a great deal of interest for disease therapy. A single particle that has the multiple functions of targeting a specific site, can be imaged by one or more means, and deliver drugs or treatments would impart new capabilities in disease treatment. We describe an approach toward multifunctional nanoparticles using use sub-nanometer metallic clusters encapsulated in dendrimers. The cluster possesses unique physical properties which can be exploited for imaging by both magnetic relaxation (MR) and fluorescence microscopy. This allows imaging on two lengthscales, the macroscopic and the molecular. Furthermore, the encapsulating dendrimer imparts enhanced biological properties such as cellular uptake and low cytotoxicity. The dendrimer endgroups can be chemically modified with targeting moieties such as peptides or antibodies, and the overall molecule can package DNA for gene delivery. Synthesis, physical characterization, and imaging of the clusters will be discussed, along with preliminary work in biological applications. In addition, will discuss how we are exploring how to link nanoparticles to biomolecules without negatively impacting the linked biomolecules. By probing the structure of the protein when linked to a particle, we are gaining an understanding of how to optimally achieve conjugation, and thus are constructing design rulesfor nanoparticle interfaces to biological systems.
4:30 PM - **PP5.5
Core-Shell Silica Nanoparticles as Fluorescent Labels and Sensors for Bioimaging: C Dots.
Ulrich Wiesner 1
1 , Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States
Show Abstract5:00 PM - PP5.6
``Adenovirus-Magnet" Hybrid Nanoparticle for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Target Specific Gene Delivery.
Jae-Hyun Lee 1 , Young-wook Jun 1 , Jinwoo Cheon 1
1 Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul Korea (the Republic of)
Show Abstract5:15 PM - PP5.7
Structural Studies of Covalent Site-specific Nanoparticle-Cytochrome C Conjugates.
Marie-Eve Aubin-Tam 1 , Kimberly Hamad-Schifferli 2 1
1 Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractNanoparticle-protein conjugates have broad range of applications in biological sensing, imaging, assembly, delivery and control of enzyme activity. Covalent site-specific labeling is highly desirable because protein orientation can be controlled, and bioconjugate stability could be maintained over a wide range of ionic strength and pH. It also enables choosing labeling sites that will not interfere with the protein structure and function. However, site-specific covalent labeling remains a challenge because of multiple possible interactions at the interface between proteins and nanoparticles. Furthermore, those non-specific interactions are likely to distort the protein structure.We report site-specific covalent labeling of Yeast cytochrome c with Au and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles via a specific surface cysteine. The site of attachment can be controlled by using mutants of cytochrome c having a single cysteine at various positions on the surface of the protein. The protein structure is characterized with circular dichroism spectroscopy and redox properties by optical absorption. As a control for non-specific attachment, we link Horse Cytochrome c to nanoparticles via electrostatic adsorption. We find that the nanoparticle surface chemistry, the nanoparticle material, the nature of the protein-nanoparticle linkage, and the position of the labeled site have significant effects on the structure of nanoparticle-cytochrome c complexes[1,2]. This behavior can be rationalized by considering interactions between the nanoparticle and amino acids in the vicinity of the labeled cysteine. Molecular dynamics simulations of nanoparticle-protein conjugates are providing more detail on the source of structural disturbance as a function of the nanoparticle labeling positions.These results are significant for applications which utilize proteins adsorbed on surfaces or nanostructures. We find that for improved activity of proteins, particular caution should be taken to impede strong non-specific bonding between the protein side-chains and the nanoparticles.[1] M.-E. Aubin-Tam and K. Hamad-Schifferli, "Gold nanoparticle-cytochrome c complexes: the effect of nanoparticle ligand charge on protein structure" Langmuir, 2005, 21, 12080 - 12084.[2] M.-E. Aubin-Tam, H. Zhou, and K. Hamad-Schifferli, "Site specific labeling of cytochrome c with magnetic nanoparticles," 2007, submitted.
5:30 PM - PP5.8
Correlation of Collagen Receptor Distribution and Extracellular Matrix Deformation Using Gold Nanorods.
Sarah Baxter 1 , Katherine Langley 4 , John Stone 3 , Nidhi Kumar 2 , Mary Morales 2 , Christopher Robinson 5 , Catherine Murphy 3 , Edie Goldsmith 2
1 Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States, 4 Biomedical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States, 3 Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States, 2 Cell and Developmental Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States, 5 USC NanoCenter, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
Show AbstractIt has been well-established that cellular response to mechanical environment is critical to cell/tissue function. In particular cell surface receptors, which directly connect cells to their surrounding extracellular matrix(ECM), facilitate the translation of mechanical tension outside the cell into biochemical signals and reactions within the cell. Subtle variations in the local mechanical environment, between cells and near cell boundaries, are influenced by cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions. These variations in local mechanical environment may be more specifically linked to these complex mechanisms of mechanotransduction if the mechanical environment can be measured on a sufficiently fine scale within a multi-cell environment, and if regions of local minimum and maximum deformation can be associated with regions of biochemical activity. Research investigating correlations between the distribution and activation of these collagen receptors, such as β1 integrins, and the local ECM deformation has the potential to be clinically significant by providing insight into the molecular events that occur in matrix remodeling.We have recently shown that gold nanorods, due to their unique optical properties, can be used to track local cell-induced deformations in two-dimensional collagen films. When viewed under a dark field microscope gold nanorods elastically scatter light, producing a random pattern. Image analysis can follow the changing pattern of the scattered light as the material deforms, generating field data on displacement and strain. With this method it is also possible to simultaneously record images of transfected neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts expressing fluorescently-tagged β1-integrin proteins. Analysis of the dark field images of the light scattered from the nanorods and florescent images marking the spatial distribution of cell receptors allow correlation of the calculated changes in mechanical environment to observed changes in fibroblast morphology and protein distribution. In this work, gold nanorods with lengths ~ 500 nm and widths of 25-30 nm were embedded in cell-populated (neonatal cardiac fibroblasts) collagen thick films, a tissue material model. The natural rearrangement and remodeling of the ECM by the cells via the endogenous loading of cell traction forces, results in a changes in the mechanical environment within the tissue construct. Both dark field images of the light scattered from the nanorods and florescent images of transfected fibroblasts were recorded. The experiments provide visual evidence of the dynamic nature of protein distribution on cells in a collagenous matrix resulting from changing mechanical environment. This methodology combines innovations from inorganic chemistry and molecular biology to create a unique method by which to explore the mechanisms of interaction between the cardiac fibroblasts and their surrounding ECM.
5:45 PM - PP5.9
Multifaceted Approaches to Molecular Imaging Using Plasmonic Nanosensors.
Konstantin Sokolov 1 2 , Jesse Aaron 2 , Sonia Kumar 2 , Kort Travis 2 , Nathan Harrison 2 , Tim Larson 2
1 Biomedical Engineering, The UT M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States, 2 Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
Show AbstractHighly sensitive and specific molecular imaging is a key challenge in modern biology and medicine. Recently, plasmonic nanoparticles have been used to develop new assays with unprecedented sensitivity in analytical biochemistry. This work is providing a foundation for development of new groundbreaking approaches for molecular specific imaging in live cells. Plasmonic nanoparticles offer a number of important advantages over traditional fluorescent dyes including greatly improved photo-stability, bright signal and simple tunability of optical properties. Nanoparticles provide high surface area which can be easily modified using a variety of probe and delivery functionalities. Synthesis of hybrid core/shell nanoparticles also allows development of multimodal (e.g., MRI and optical) imaging strategies. Therefore, plasmonic nanoparticles can provide a common platform for multiple applications.Gold nanoparticles exhibit inherent “smart” properties which are closely associated with their non-linear scattering behavior in closely spaced assemblies. We demonstrate that EGFR labeling with gold bioconjugates in cancer cells results in a more than 100 nm color shift and a quadratic increase in total scattering cross-section. These changes give contrast ratios in excess of 10 times in images of normal and pre-cancerous epithelium in vivo that provides a dramatic improvement over values of less than 2 times obtained using near-infrared fluorescent dyes. This contrast can be further increased by the use of hybrid nanoparticles with a superparamagnetic core surrounded by a gold layer. The iron oxide core provides a magnetically susceptible component which can be exploited to periodically actuate cells using an external magnetic field. We demonstrated that opto-magnetic hybrid nanoparticles can increase the molecular-specific contrast in optical imaging of cancer cells by ca. 4 fold over imaging with gold particles alone.As many biomolecules are located inside the cell, access to the target must involve a delivery mechanism. Therefore, novel approaches are required to tailor nanomaterials for intracellular imaging in live cells. We developed the first intracellular molecular imaging platform using gold nanoparticles which incorporate four functionalities on the same particle – targeting, endosomal uptake, cytosolic release, and improved biocompatibility. Each functional element of these nanosensors is essential in providing strong molecular specific optical signal inside living cells. The utility of this contrast agent was demonstrated in the intracellular imaging of actin during cellular motility. The actin mediated assembly of nanoparticles results in a red shift in scattering maxima due to plasmon resonance coupling between particles. Our experiments showed that multifunctional gold nanoparticles have a great potential as a complementary contrast agent to quantum dots and other probes for the optical imaging of molecular intracellular processes.
PP6: Poster Session: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications in Biology II
Session Chairs
Christof Niemeyer
Geoff Strouse
Wednesday AM, November 28, 2007
Exhibition Hall D (Hynes)
9:00 PM - PP6.1
Development of Gold/Iron-oxide Composite Nanoparticle for Biotechnological Applications.
Satoshi Seino 1 , Takefumi Doi 2 , Shinsaku Nakagawa 2 , Takashi Nakagawa 3 , Takuya Kinoshita 4 , Takao Yamamoto 1
1 Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka Japan, 2 Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Osaka Japan, 3 Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo Japan, 4 Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka Japan
Show Abstract We are developing a gold/iron-oxide composite nanoparticle as a new type of magnetic nanocarrier for biotechnological applications. Single-nanosized gold particles are supported on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles. As the gold part firmly combines with molecules possessing mercapto groups, the composite nanoparticles can be easily modified with molecules appropriate for each biotechnological application. The composite nanoparticles were synthesized in aqueous solution systems using radiation energy. Iron oxide nanoparticles were dispersed in an aqueous solution containing gold ions together with some alcohol and polymer. The solution was irradiated with gamma-rays or a high energy electron beam to reduce the gold ions. After the irradiation, small gold nanoparticles were immobilized on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles. Under appropriate synthesis conditions, the surface of the iron oxide nanoparticles was almost fully covered by the single nanosized gold particles.The composite nanoparticles adsorb thiol-modified probe oligonucleotides. Target oligonucleotides were easily and specifically picked up from an aqueous solution by magnetically attracting these probe-nanoparticle conjugates by a magnet. The composite nanoparticles well adsorbed adenovirus vectors just by incubating for 10 minutes at room temperature. Adsorption capacity of the adenovirus vector to the composite nanoparticle was 30-40 times higher than that to the iron oxide nanoparticles without gold. The efficiency of the adenovirus-mediated gene transfer was drastically enhanced by applying an external magnetic field by a magnet. The present results indicate that the gold nanoparticles on iron-oxide acted as a general tag for the biomolecules. The composite nanoparticle is expected as a new magnetic nanocarrier for various biotechnological applications.
9:00 PM - PP6.11
Development of a Method to Quantify Ultrasound Contrast Agent Performance of Individual Microparticles.
Wynter Duncanson 1 , Robin Cleveland 2 , Joyce Wong 1
1 Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 2 Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractUltrasound contrast agents are currently used extensively for perfusion imaging; however, site-targeted ultrasound contrast agents have enormous potential to aid in the early detection of diseases of the vasculature. One approach to quantify the acoustic properties of microbubbles is to directly image individual microbubbles, which have been shown to be independent scatterers of sound waves. The quantitative acoustic response of individual microbubbles can then be used to validate theoretical models that predict acoustic response. We developed and evaluated a system to probe the individual voltage waveforms of particles immobilized in polyacrylamide (PAAM) gels with a scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) with a high frequency transducer. We used solid, fluorescently-labeled micron-sized polystyrene (PS) spheres to validate the system and confirm particle positions via fluorescence microscopy. Our results show that our system can be used to detect, image and quantify the acoustic behavior individual microbubbles.
9:00 PM - PP6.12
Conjugating Methotrexate to Magnetic Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles via Trichloro-s-triazine.
Kaylie Young 1 , Jin Xie 1 , Chenjie Xu 1 , Chao Wang 2 , Shouheng Sun 1
1 Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States, 2 Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
Show AbstractThe cancer drug methotrexate (MTX) has been conjugated to monodisperse Fe3O4 nanoparticles using two trichloro-s-triazine(TsT) linker molecules and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). TsT is a readily available symmetrical heterocyclic compound containing three acyl-like chlorines which show different reactivities toward nucleophiles in aqueous solution. To functionalize the Fe3O4 nanoparticles, HO-PEG-OH (MW 6000) was reacted with TsT at room temperature in benzene to achieve a TsT-PEG-TsT ligand. This ligand was then reacted with Fe3O4 nanoparticles capped with dopamine, which were created by adding 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol (adduct with hydrogen chloride) to the as-synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with oleic acid and oleylamine. A diamine was reacted with the terminal TsT and MTX was conjugated to the ligand through an amide bond using EDC/NHS chemistry. The nanoparticles conjugated to MTX were characterized using MALDI mass spectrometry and UV-Vis spectroscopy.The nanoparticles modified with the dopamine-TsT-PEG-TsT-MTX ligand showed good stability for 24 hours under physiological conditions (in 10% fetal bovine serum in PBS incubated at 37 degrees Celsius), thus making them ideal for biomedical applications. The particles that were internalized by the cell were examined by TEM and found to be intact within cell organelles. In cell viability studies, the Fe3O4 nanoparticles conjugated with MTX have shown increased efficiency in killing cancer cells (9L glioma cells) compared with MTX alone and low toxicity toward healthy CPAE (cultured pulmonary artery endothelial) cells. TsT can therefore be used as an inexpensive linker molecule to conjugate biomolecules to monodisperse Fe3O4 nanoparticles for biomedical applications.
9:00 PM - PP6.13
Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoworms for in vivo Tumor Targeting.
Ji Ho Park 1 2 , Lianglin Zhang 3 4 , Austin Derfus 5 , Geoffrey von Maltzahn 6 , Dmitri Simberg 4 7 , Todd Harris 6 , Sangeeta Bhatia 6 8 , Erkki Ruoslahti 4 9 , Michael Sailor 1 2
1 Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States, 2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States, 3 NanoTUMOR Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States, 4 Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, United States, 5 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States, 6 Division of Health Sciences and Technology (Harvard-MIT), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, 7 Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, California, United States, 8 Department Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, 9 Burnham Institute for Medical Research at UCSB, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
Show AbstractThe application of nanotechnology to medicine is providing new approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Ultrasensitive in vivo imaging for early detection of cancers and efficient delivery of therapeutics to malignant tumors are two primary goals in cancer bionanotechnology. However, the development of non-toxic, functional nanoparticles that can successfully home to tumors presents some significant challenges. Dextran-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are of particular interest because they show relatively low toxicity, long in vivo circulation time, and they improve the quality of magnetic resonance images (MRI) by enhancing hydrogen T2 relaxation. In this study, we report the synthesis and biological application of worm-shaped dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (nanoworms) exhibiting substantially prolonged in vivo circulation times and improved tumor targeting capability when coated with tumor-homing peptides. In a comparative study, we find that worm-shaped nanoparticles home to tumors more efficiently than spherical nanoparticles both in vitro and in vivo. PEGylated nanoworms conjugated with the appropriate number of targeting moieties circulate in vivo for a long period (blood half-life of over 12 hrs), and prominent tumor uptake is observed in both MDA-MB-435 and HT1080 tumor xenografts in mice. It is also observed that once nanoworms extravasate into tumor tissue from the blood vessels, they become physically trapped and do not readily re-enter the blood stream. Additionally, the chain-like aggregation of iron oxide cores increases MRI sensitivity, suggesting that nanoworms may offer an improved ability to image very small tumors. These findings should contribute to the design of in vivo multifunctional nanoprobes applicable to the diagnosis and treatment of a range of human diseases.
9:00 PM - PP6.15
A Nanocluster-Based Contrast Agent for Multimode Imaging.
Victor Lelyveld 1 , Mikhail Shapiro 1 , Alan Jasanoff 1 3 , Kimberly Hamad-Schifferli 1 2
1 Biological Engineering, Nuclear Science and Engineering, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, 3 Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, 2 Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Show Abstract9:00 PM - PP6.16
A Protein-Nanoparticle Conjugates as a Potential Therapeutic Agents For Treatment of Secondary Spinal Cord Injury.
Vladimir Reukov 1 , Jason Olbrich 1 , Rohan Satishkumar 1 , Alexey Vertegel 1
1 Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States
Show AbstractThe outcome of spinal cord injury depends on the extent of secondary damage produced by a series of cellular and molecular events initiated by the primary trauma. Secondary injury is a combination of several factors contributing to cell death, including free radical damage and glutamatergic excitotoxicity. Here we study attachment of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutamate receptor antibody to poly(butylcyanoacrylate) (PBCA) nanoparticles with the ultimate goal to design biomedical nanodevices for the treatment of secondary spinal cord injury. Ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a unique property of PBCA nanoparticles that can be used for drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). PBCA nanoparticles were prepared by a standard fabrication procedure using polymerization in acidic medium. The effects of pH (pH 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0) and two different surfactant stabilizers, 1.0% Dextran-70 or 1.0 % Pluronic F68, were studied to determine optimal conditions for the preparation of monodispersed non-aggregated nanoparticles. Particle size was determined using AFM. The best results, monodispersed nanoparticles with diameter of approximately 150 nm, were achieved using polymerization at pH 2.0 using Dextran-70 as the stabilizer. Sulfo-HSAB spacers containing a N-hydroxysuccinimide moiety reactive towards amine groups and an arylazide moiety that can react with a C-H bond upon UV-irradiation were used to covalently attach SOD and anti-glutamate receptor antibodies to PBCA nanoparticles. Each of the proteins was first allowed to react with the sulfo-HSAB crosslinker via amine groups. A solution containing equimolar amounts of the proteins activated by sulfo-HSAB was used for attachment to PBCA nanoparticles via arylazide moieties. Efficiency of the covalent binding of enzymes to nanoparticles was estimated by comparing bulk protein concentrations (BCA assay) in the supernatant and in the resuspended nanoparticles, and amount of SOD in total enzyme was determined using fluorescently labeled SOD. To determine activity of covalently attached enzyme, SOD Assay Kit - WST was used. Generally, about 70% of SOD activity was retained by the enzyme attached to nanoparticles. Targeting of nanoparticles to neurons was studied using dorsal root ganglion (DRGs) and spinal cord neurons harvested from chicken and rat embryos. Strong binding of the anti-NR1-SOD-PBCA nanoparticles to the neurons was observed.In conclusion, we found that SOD and anti-glutamate receptor antibodies may be attached covalently to PBCA nanoparticles without sufficient changes in enzymatic activity or receptor-binding ability. Future work will focus on in vitro studies of effectiveness of such conjugates against generated superoxide and other free radicals and attachment of multiple therapeutic proteins to PBCA nanoparticles capable of diffusing across the BBB. This work was supported by South Carolina Spinal Cord Injury Research Fund grant # 0206.
9:00 PM - PP6.17
Microbial Growth Response to Hydrogel Encapsulated Quantum Dot Nanospheres.
Somesree GhoshMitra 2 , Tong Cai 1 , Santaneel Ghosh 3 , Arup Neogi 1 , Zhibing Hu 1 , Nathaniel Mills 2
2 Biology, Texas Women's University, Denton, Texas, United States, 1 Department of Physics , University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States, 3 Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, United States
Show Abstract9:00 PM - PP6.18
Dendrimer Nanocomposites as Multifunctional X-ray Contrast Agents.
Teyeb Ould Ely 1 , Manju Sharma 1 , Lesniak Wojcieh 1 , Donald Klippenstein 2 , Barbara Foster 3 , Lajos Balogh 1
1 Radiation Medicine, RoswellPark Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States, 2 Radiology, RoswellPark Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States, 3 Pharmacology and Therapeutics, RoswellPark Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States
Show AbstractThe continuous progress of chemical routes used to prepare nanometric clusters in one hand and to design surface-functionalized biocompatible dendrimers on the other hand led us to investigate the interface between these two classes of nanomaterials. In effect, both nanometric clusters and radial dendrimers are amenable to functionalization, and both can be adjusted into a guest-host configuration where the cavities of the dendrimers serve as host to nanometric clusters, while the external terminal functionalities could serve as binding sites for biocompatible drugs, peptides or contrast agent.We have exploited these principles to develop the next generation of biocompatible contrast agents from nanocomposites made of functionalized poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers in conjunction with nanometric clusters These contrasts agents can be magnetic, optical, X-ray absorbers or all functions together depending on the composition of the nanoscopic particles. Among the most attractive properties that dendrimers impart to the nanocomposite are biocompatibility and targetability. These advantages stem from modifiability of the terminal functionalities of PAMAM dendrimers. We have successfully used dendrimer templates to create nanocomposites that present higher X-ray absorption with lower X-ray dose as confirmed by both traditional X-ray radiology imaging and Computed Tomography (CT). These new X-ray contrast agents clear from the blood slower than organic iodine agents, they permit longer imaging times, may accumulate into specific organs favoring selective targeting and can be conjugated to drugs allowing therapeutic options.
9:00 PM - PP6.19
Biosensing Properties of Nanodiamond.
Javier Avalos 1 2 , T. Merced 3 , G. Morell 1 2 , B. Weiner 1 4
1 Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States, 2 Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States, 3 Department of Science and Technology, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States, 4 Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States
Show AbstractThe growth behavior of E. coli and C. xerosis bacteria was studied in the presence of nanodiamond (5-10 nm) particles suspended in the culture media. The growth rate of C. xerosis was found to be faster in a culture medium containing nanodiamond particles than in the standard culture medium. Moreover, an oscillating growth behavior was observed after two hours of C. xerosis growth in nanodiamond-containing media, readily distinguishable from the usual monotonic growth behavior. On the other hand, the growth behavior of E. coli in the presence of nanodiamond particles shows no significant differences compared to the corresponding growth in standard culture media. In particular, no oscillations were observed in the growth curves of E. coli. We had also observed a similar oscillating behavior of C. xerosis growth in the presence of Si nanoparticles, and no significant effects of Si nanoparticles on the growth behavior of E. coli in a previous study. The possible reasons and mechanisms for the different growth behavior of these bacteria due to the presence nanoparticles in the culture media, and the potential use of these characteristics for the development of biosensors, are discussed.
9:00 PM - PP6.2
Manipulation of DNA in a Porous Anodic Alumina Film and In-situ Detection of It Using Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy.
Ryo-taro Yamaguchi 1 , Hirokazu Shiraki 1 , Ken-ichi Ishibashi 1 , Ko-ichiro Miyamoto 1 , Yasuo Kimura 1 2 , Michio Niwano 1 2
1 Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, RIEC, Tohoku Univ., Sendai Japan, 2 CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Sendai Japan
Show AbstractRecently, we have developed a label-free detection scheme that uses infrared absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) to detect hybridization of two complementary oligonucleotides [1, 2]. The advantage of our method is that labeling of DNA with fluorescent tags or radioisotopes is not necessary. We can determine DNA hybridization through infrared spectral profiles; the hybridization process is accompanied by a spectral change in the vibration regions of the bases of DNA, providing a means of detection.In this study, we demonstrated in-situ detecting and separate DNAs using porous alumina with the ordered, nano-scaled honeycomb-structure and infrared absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) in the multiple internal reflection (MIR) geometry is described. Porous alumina layer is formed on a Si wafer that serves as the prism in which infrared light penetrates internally reflecting many times. When a positive potential is applied to the Si prism, DNAs of 10-based oligonucleotide of adenine move to the vicinity of the prism surface through straight nano-pores in the porous alumina layer, producing infrared absorption signals. When a negative potential was subsequently applied to the prism, the absorption peaks decreased the intensities, indicating that the DNAs were expelled from the Si prism. In our detection system, labeling oligonucleotides with fluorophore is not necessary. In addition, DNAs can be separated from various neutral contaminants in the solution and also can be classified depending on the size; small DNAs can penetrate through the pores, producing IR signals, while large DNAs cannot reach the prism surface. These observations suggest that by combining the MIR-IRAS method with a porous alumina film (filter), we can not only detect DNAs with quite high sensitivity, but also separate DNA molecules in aqueous solution.References[1] Ko-Ichiro Miyamoto, Ken-Ichi Ishibashi, Ryo-Taro Yamaguchi, Yasuo Kimura, Hisao Ishii, and Michio Niwano, J. Appl. Phys. 99 (2006) 094702.[2] Miyamoto K, Ishibashi K, Hiroi K, Kimura Y, Ishii H, Niwano M, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005) 053902.
9:00 PM - PP6.21
Pegylated Silver/Gold Nanoparticles in Synchroton X-ray Microscopic Imaging.
Soeun Chang 1 , Jinkyung Kim 1 , Yaejin Yoon 1 , Keunho Lee 1 , Jungho Je 1
1 Materials Science and Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyungbuk, Korea (the Republic of)
Show Abstract9:00 PM - PP6.22
Exploring the Living Cells by Surface Modified Gold Nanowires.
Chiung-Wen Kuo 1 , Jau-Ye Shiu 1 , Peilin Chen 1
1 Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei Taiwan
Show AbstractNoble metals, such as gold, have been used in the biological studies for a long time because of their stability and low toxicity. Recently, with the help of nanotechnology, there are renewed research efforts in developing metallic nanoparticle-based techniques for labeling, drug delivery and gene regulation. A common approach used in these applications is to chemically modify the surface of the nanoparticles such that the nanoparticles can recognize a specific molecule or receptor on the cell surfaces or the nanoparticles can form complexes with drugs or genetic materials to enter the cells. However, in a more complicated experiment, it may require the nanoparticles to possess several functionalities so that several tasks can be performed by a single particle. Multi-segment nanorods or nanowires could be easily modified with multiple functionalities due to their symmetry. However, most of the studies on nanorods or nanowires have been limited to the nanometer length. Recently, it has been shown that the micrometer long nickel nanowires could be internalized by cells allowing the manipulation of living cells through magnetic field. However, it is not known whether the micrometer long nanowires can be internalized by the cells without damaging the cells, which is an important issue for the development of nanowires based living cell probing system. If the nanowires can be internalized by the cells, it would allow us to observe directly the intracellular microenvironment around the individual nanowires through an optical microscope. Here we report the study of cytotoxicity of the surface modified gold nanowires for two different cell lines, NIH 3T3 fibroblast and HeLa S3 cells. The aminothiol modified gold nanowires were found to exhibited little toxicity to both cell lines. Therefore, the aminothiol modified gold nanowires have been used as a carrier to deliver both plasmid DNA and probe molecules into the cells. Our results indicated that aminothiol modified gold nanowires exhibited very high transfection efficiency and the local environment, such as pH value, around the gold nanowire could be explored by investigating the fluorescence signal from the probe molecules on the nanowires.
9:00 PM - PP6.23
Universal Scaling Behavior of the Distance Decay of Plasmon Coupling in Noble Metal Nanoparticle Pairs: Application to Nanoscale Plasmon Rulers.
Mostafa El-Sayed 1 , Prashant Jain 1 , Wenyu Huang 1
1 Laser Dynamics Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Show Abstract9:00 PM - PP6.3
Fabrication of Hetero-Structured Co@Pt-Au Nanoparticles for the Biological Applications.
Jin-sil Choi 1 , Young-wook Jun 1 , Mi-yun Kim 1 , Jinwoo Cheon 1
1 , Yonsei University , Seoul Korea (the Republic of)
Show AbstractMulti-component hetero-structured nanoparticles possess the innate multi-functionalities and can be attractive candidates for various bio-medical applications. In disease diagnosis, these multi-functionalities can provide a better platform for the increase of diagnosing sensitivity and accuracy. Here, we present a hetero-structured nanoparticle, Co@Pt-Au, which possesses the strong magnetism due to the ferromagnetic spin structures of Co and characteristic surface plasmonic property due to Au. Then, the surface of the hetero-structured nanoparticles is modified for attaining water solubility, and these nanoparticles can be further utilized as high sensitive probes for biological target detection.
9:00 PM - PP6.4
Controlled Release of Plasmid DNA from Gold Nanorod-DNA Conjugates Triggered by Pulsed-laser Irradiation.
Yukichi Horiguchi 1 , Takuro Niidome 1 , Naotoshi Nakashima 1 , Yasuro Niidome 1
1 Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka Japan
Show AbstractGold nanorods are rod-shaped gold nanoparticles which show inherent double surface plasmon (SP) bands in visible region (~520 nm) and near infrared (IR) regions (750 ~ 1200 nm). Pulsed-laser irradiation in near-IR region induced photothermal conversion of absorbed photons and resulted in reshaping of nanorods into spherical nanoparticles. Previously, we reported controlled release of plasmid DNA from DNA/nanoparticle conjugates triggered by pulsed laser irradiation. In this study, we evaluated gene expression induced by the pulsed laser irradiation using in vitro system. Gold nanorods were provided from Mitsubishi Materials Corporation. Mean sizes of the nanorods in transverse and longitudinal directions were 65 ± 5 nm and 11 ± 1 nm, respectively. Hexadecyltorimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), which was essential in the preparation of nanorods, was replaced with phosphatidylcholine (PC) according to the previous paper. The PC-modified nanorods (PC-NRs) showed positive zeta potential (ca. +15 mV). The PC-NRs were mixed with polyanionic plasmid DNA in water, and then buffered with phosphate at pH=7. Gel electrophoresis pattern of the mixed solution of DNA and PC-NR indicated that the DNA was tightly conjugated with the PC-NR in the buffer solution. Pulsed-laser irradiation using Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm, 10 Hz, 30-120 sec, 160 mJ/pulse). After the laser irradiation, gel electrophoresis indicated that some of DNA was released from the conjugates. Fluorescence intensities of DNA in the gel indicated that 5% of DNA was released from the conjugates by the pulsed-laser irradiation. We also estimated bioactivity of released plasmid DNA after laser irradiation. Luciferase assay in vitro (TnT® T7 Quick Coupled Transcription Translation System, production of Promega) was used. The conjugaetes were removed by centrifugation to estimate activity of free plasmid DNA. The conjugates of DNA and PC-NRs sample did not show remarkable luciferase activities; that is, all of the plasmid DNA formed the conjugates and removed with NRs. After the pulsed-laser irradiation, this sample show activities and the released DNA were estimated. In a typical case, the activity of the released DNA was about 0.5% to the initial activities of the DNA incorporated in the conjugates.
9:00 PM - PP6.5
Fluorescent Hydrogel Sensor Micro-Particles for Detection of Protease Activity.
Alison Patrick 1 , Rein Ulijn 1
1 School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom
Show AbstractEnzymes play a vital role in the state of healthy and diseased tissues. Imbalances in enzyme levels are often strongly related to diseases such as arthritis, cancers and emphysema. Having the ability to detect presence and activity of these enzymes intra- or extra- cellularly could be a vital tool in research into these diseases and ultimately in diagnosis. Current methods exist to detect enzyme presence or enzyme activity. Our work is aiming to develop sensor micro-particles that detect enzyme activity in real time, in situ giving spatial information. Here we demonstrate an example of hydrogel micro-particles modified to display fluorescence in the presence of a protease, elastase, which is strongly linked to chronic wounds. The system is based on poly (ethylene glycol) acrylamide (PEGA) hydrogel micro-particles, approximately 200µm diameter, modified with charged amino acid residues, to attract the charged enzyme in and a Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) pair separated by an enzyme cleavable peptide linker. PEGA is a biocompatible hydrogel that contains PEG cross links to enable enzymes to enter without being disrupted and free amine groups that allow easy coupling of amino acids by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The FRET pair contains a dark quencher as the acceptor molecule and so displays no fluorescence until the enzyme cleavable linker is cleaved and the quencher is removed, allowing fluorescence to be emitted. The enzyme cleavable linker is a sequence of amino acids that will be cleaved by a specific enzyme. A charged amino acid residue, Glutamic acid(-) or Lysine(+) can be incorporated into the particles along with the FRET-peptide. Since elastase is positively charged at pH below 8.5 and negatively charged at pH greater than 8.5, the charged residues in the particle can attract the enzyme, thereby increasing sensitivity. The charged residues also create a swelling effect within the particle by electrostatic repulsion, making diffusion of molecules easier. Further modification of the particles with a ligand such as Argine-Glycine-Aspartic acid (RGD) can enable adhesion to cell surfaces, allowing spatial information. A combination of 2-photon microscopy and UV Vis Spectroscopy we have shown that sensor particles can be created for Elastase, a protease found to be significant in chronic wounds. This is a model method that can be transferred to other proteases by adapting the enzyme cleavable linker.
9:00 PM - PP6.6
One Pot Synthesis of Highly Monodispersed Cysteine Capped Cadmium Selenide Nanoparticles: Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Studies.
Oluwafemi Oluwatobi 1 , Neerish Revaprasadu 1
1 Chemistry, University of Zululand, Kwadlangezwa, Kwa-zulunatal, South Africa
Show Abstract9:00 PM - PP6.7
Magnetic Properties of Functionalized Hollow Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles.
Quy Ong 1 , Christian Kuebel 2 , Amy Oldenburg 3 , Xiao-Min Lin 4 , Alexander Wei 1
1 Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, 2 Adhesive Bonding Technology and Surfaces, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Applied Materials Research, IFAM, Wiener Strasse 12, 28359 Bremen Germany, 3 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States, 4 , Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue Argonne, Illinois, United States
Show AbstractWe present the synthesis of cobalt-iron oxide core-shell nanoparticles and their transformation into hollow cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. The transformation process, which is size dependent, can be induced by electron beam irradiation or by thermal annealing in the presence of oxidants. The structural and compositional evolution of these nanoparticles were investigated by energy filtered high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and high angle annular dark filed-scanning tunneling microscopy (HAADF-STEM). The core-shell and hollow nanoparticles were examined by SQUID magnetometry, which demonstrated the influential role of surface ligand effects on the magnetic properties of these nanoparticles. Surface functionalization by electron-donating ligands may be particularly well-suited for the application of hollow magnetic nanoparticles as bioconjugates and chemical sensors.
9:00 PM - PP6.8
Enhancing Surface Binding Kinetics of Nucleic Acid Sensors through Electrodeless Dielectrophoresis at Micro- and Nanostructured Edges.
Nathan Swami 1 , Chia-Fu Chou 2
1 Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, 2 , Academia Sinica, Taipei Taiwan
Show AbstractFor miniaturized biomolecular sensors detecting nucleic acids, the sensitivity below a critical concentration range depends more strongly on surface binding kinetics rather than on signal distinction over background noise, since as the active sensing area gets smaller, diffusion of target biomolecules to bind with capture probes at the sensor surface limits detection (1). We describe in this presentation a method to selectively enhance the transport of target nucleic acid molecules towards the capture probe sensing surfaces using electrodeless dielectrophoresis (2). Our device (3) uses micro-constricted channels and nanostructured electrode edges to locally enhance electric field gradients and thereby locally enhance the trapping force for target biomolecules. In this manner the trapping occurs not in the vicinity of the drive electrodes where they may be damaged by the voltage, but in the vicinity of a sensor electrode. Other features of the detection platform include a two-potential electrochemical probe (4), to independently and simultaneously probe in real-time the signals from bound capture probe and target DNA molecules on a given sensor pad as the electrodeless dielectrophoresis progresses.Guided through a simulation of the electric field gradients for various drive and sensor electrode configurations, we optimized the electric and fluidic conditions that permit the preconcentration of target DNA molecules in the vicinity of the sensor pad, with no significant electric-field induced damage to the biomolecules. From this we determined the appropriate voltages, AC frequencies, constriction size and angles, sensor electrode windows, and buffer conditions for DNA preconcentration. Since the electric and fluidic conditions that enhance dielectrophoresis do not necessarily overlap with hybridization, carrying out preconcentration together with hybridization was a significant challenge. An important condition for DNA hybridization is a significant concentration of salt which usually slows dielectrophoretic transport. Nevertheless, we demonstrate a significant level of preconcentration at 50 mM NaCl that is just sufficient for hybridization. Using these conditions we tested the enhancement of hybridization kinetics through dielectrophoretic preconcentration on a sensor pad. The signal rise versus time towards the saturation signal was four times steeper for target biomolecules preconcentrated by dielectrophoresis.This method to enhance DNA hybridization kinetics through electrodeless dielectrophoresis can be applied to various nucleic acid sensor platforms that utilize surface binding assays, including those based on nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanoscale cantilevers.References(1)P. R. Nair et al., Applied Physics Letters, 88, 233120 (2006)(2)C. F. Chou et al., Biophysical Journal 83, 2170, (2002)(3)L. J. Guo et al., NANO LETTERS 4 (1): 69 (2004)(4)N. Swami et al., Langmuir (2005) 21, 1937-1941
9:00 PM - PP6.9
Quantum Dot Labeling of Lung Cancer Cells.
Mikala Shremshock 1 , R. Carroll 1
1 Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
Show AbstractNanotechnology offers an effective, non-surgical tool for understanding and treating cancer. Cadmium selenium quantum dots (QDs) are notoriously dangerous to synthesize and are toxic to biological systems.
1 Thus, a safer and simpler approach has been developed to synthesize QDs with a biologically safe zinc sulfide outer shell. This outer shell coating is natively hydrophobic, but aqueous stability and functionality may be achieved through ligand exchange.
2 This functional surface is conjugated to a protein antibody, which allows the QD to selectively label the protein of interest
in vitro or
in vivo. By synthetically tuning the QDs to emit near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths, QD emission can be observed
in vivo through a few centimeters of tissue.
3This QD synthesis eliminates the need for extreme temperatures or glove box techniques, and avoids dangerous compounds used in typical nanoparticles syntheses, while still producing QDs of uniform size and wavelength. After surface modification, the CdSe/ZnS QDs are labeled with antibodies to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and are shown to selectively label BSA proteins as confirmed by confocal microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Further research includes modifying the QD surface with antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and demonstrates selective attachment to lung cancer tumor cells (which are known to over-express VEGF)
ex vivo and
in vivo.
4 This research demonstrates proof of concept for selectively labeling lung cancer cells with QDs. This will greatly assist cancer research by facilitating tracking of cancer metastasis, as an aid for surgical tumor removal, and as a vehicle for targeted delivery of drugs and other treatments.
(1) Tsay, J. M., Michalet, X., (2005) Chemistry & Biology 12, 1159.(2) Chan, W.C.W., Nie, S. (1998) Science 281, 2016.(3) Cai, W.; Shin, D.-W., Chen, K., Gheysens, O., Cao, Q., Wang, S. X., Gambhir, S. S., Chen, X., (2006) Nano Letters 6, (4): 669.(4) Mattern J, Koomagi R, Volm M, (1996) British Journal of Cancer 73 (7): 931.
Symposium Organizers
Jinwoo Cheon Yonsei University
Hedi Mattoussi Naval Research Laboratory
Christof M. Niemeyer Universitaet Dortmund
Geoffrey Strouse Florida State University
PP7: Bio-interfacing of Metallic Nanostructures
Session Chairs
Vince Rotello
Alexander Wei
Wednesday AM, November 28, 2007
Room 203 (Hynes)
9:30 AM - **PP7.1
Identification of Proteins and Bacteria using Nanoparticle-Fluorescent Polymer ``Chemical Nose" Sensors.
Uwe Bunz 2 , Vincent Rotello 1
2 School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
Show AbstractThe "chemical nose/tongue" approach to sensing provides an alternative to the use exclusive analyte-receptor binding pairs, e.g. immunoassay. In the chemical nose strategy, a sensor array featuring selective receptors, as opposed to ‘lock-key’ specific recognition, is used for analyte detection. Identification is then provided through pattern analysis. In our studies, we have created a sensor array featuring six non-covalent gold nanoparticle-fluorescent polymer conjugates to identify, and quantify protein targets. In this strategy, the polymer fluorescence is quenched by gold nanoparticles. Competitive binding of proteins to the nanoparticles disrupts nanoparticle-polymer interactions, generating distinct fluorescence response patterns. These patterns are characteristic for individual proteins and are highly reproducible at nanomolar concentrations. Quantitative differentiation was then be realized using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Using a training matrix of seven proteins generated at protein concentrations with an identical UV absorbance at 280 nm (A = 0.005), LDA combined with UV measurements successfully identified 52 unknown samples from the training set with an accuracy of 94.2%. We are currently extending this strategy to biofluids as well as other analytes; efforts in these directions will be discussed.
10:00 AM - PP7.2
Bioconjugated Nanoparticles for Applications in Diagnostics and Catalysis.
Christof Niemeyer 1
1 Fachbereich Chemie / BCMT, Universitaet Dortmund, Dortmund, NRW, Germany
Show AbstractThe biomimetic bottom-up assembly of programmed molecular building blocks offers highly attractive strategies for the generation of functional nanomaterials. With respect to this approach, our work is focussed on the DNA-functionalization of proteins and nanoparticles to generate novel devices for sensing, catalysis and materials science. For instance, DNA-tagged metal nanoparticles can be reversibly immobilized at biochip surfaces, and the DNA-directed functionalization of such nanoparticles with polypeptides, e.g., immunoglobulins, fluorescent proteins, and enzymes leads to hybrid probes useful for the detection of antigens and to novel classes of biocatalysts with programmable self-assembly properties. In particular, light-addressable hybrid catalysts have been developed by functionalization of semiconductor quantum dots with heme enzymes. Recent References[1]Mirkin, C. A., Niemeyer, C. M., NanoBiotechnology II: More Concepts and Applications, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2007.[2]Fruk, L., Niemeyer, C. M. (2005) Covalent Hemin-DNA Adducts for Generating a Novel Class of Artifical Heme Enzymes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44, 2603 –2606.[3]Ipe, B. I., Niemeyer, C. M. (2006) Nanohybrids Composed of Quantum Dots and Cytochrome P450 as Photocatalysts. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 504-507.[4]Hazarika, P., Kukolka, F., Niemeyer, C. M. (2006) Reversible binding of fluorescent proteins at DNA-gold nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 6981-6984[5]Becker, C. F. W., Marsac, Y., Hazarika, P., Moser, J., Goody, R. S., Niemeyer, C. M. (2007) Functional Immobilization of the Small GTPase Rab6A on DNA-Gold-Nanoparticles Using a Site-Specifically Attached Polyethylene Glycol Linker and Thiol Place Exchange Reaction. ChemBioChem 8, 32-36.
10:15 AM - PP7.3
Plasmon Mode Coupling on DNA Templates for Surface Eenhanced Spectroscopy.
Sebastien Bidault 1 , Albert Polman 1
1 Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam Netherlands
Show AbstractThe high local fields exhibited by metal-based plasmonic nanostructures make them strong candidates for label-free molecular sensing with optical readout in the visible to near-IR range. These systems are typically used to enhance Raman scattering in their vicinity or by studying the evolution of their plasmon resonance frequency with small variations of their dielectric environment. In order to increase the sensitivity of these devices, the field-matter interaction should be optimized and limited to the smallest nanoscale volume with the potential of reaching the single molecule detection limit.Modifying the nanoparticle shape to exhibit lightning rod effects associated to sharp edges has lead to a significant sensitivity improvement. However local fields can be further increased in the nanovolume between closely spaced particles. DNA molecules are used here to bind reproducibly gold nanocrystals of varying sizes with 1-2 nm interparticle distances. The biomolecular template can be further modified to introduce an analyte in close proximity to the enhanced electromagnetic field that can reach four orders of magnitude in intensity.In practice, Au nanoparticles of 5, 10 or 20 nm diameters are covalently attached to a controlled number of thiol-modified DNA single strands and isolated by electrophoretic purification. Electron microscopy demonstrates that head-to-head hybridization of gold-DNA conjugates leads to discrete two- or three-particle groupings with nanometer separation. Using two different DNA sequences, the programmed assembly of three distinct nanoparticles in a controlled order is also demonstrated.At these short interparticle distances, the collective motion of metal-bound electrons exhibit different mode symmetries than isolated nanocrystals. These systems can be therefore described as plasmonic molecules. We use time and frequency domain calculations to study this plasmon mode mixing and the resulting local enhanced fields. Furthermore, phosphine ligands homogenously adsorbed on the gold particles exhibit specific Raman peaks due to surface enhancement effects as measured in confocal microscopy. We are investigating the optical properties of these nanostructures by studying the polarization dependence of this SERS signal and by grafting Raman active dye molecules on the DNA template in close vicinity to the local enhanced fields. By optimizing the enhanced fields through careful nanostructure design, these systems could lead to self-assembled molecular optical sensors.
10:30 AM - PP7.4
A Generic Colorimetric Biosensing Assay Using Surface Charge-mediated Gold Nanoparticle Aggregation.
Weian Zhao 1 , Jeffrey Lam 2 , William Chiuman 2 , Michael Brook 1 , Yingfu Li 2 1
1 Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, 2 Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Show AbstractWe developed simple and rapid colorimetric assays for sensing enzyme activity, screening enzyme inhibitors and detecting small molecules and metal ions. Our approach replies on a unique gold nanoparticle (AuNP) aggregation process induced by the loss of surface charges. Specifically, highly charged AuNPs are stable even at high salt concentration due to the electrostatic repulsion. The loss of surface charges, triggered by a specific biological event for instance, leads to a rapid AuNP aggregation as inter-particle van der Waals attraction dominates when electrostatic repulsion is significantly reduced. The AuNP aggregation results in a red-to-blue color change of the solution due to the surface plasmon resonance effect of AuNP.Our platform employs DNA-modified AuNPs which are electrostatically stabilized at a relatively high salt concentration owing to the negative charges on the DNA backbone. Almost any biological events that can cause the dissociation (or loss) of DNA from AuNP surface will lead to AuNP aggregation (accompanied by a red-to-blue color change) at the same salt concentration. For instance, the digestion of DNA on AuNPs by restriction enzymes (e.g. DNase I) results in a rapid red-to-blue color change that can be visualized by naked eye or quantified by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The addition of enzyme inhibitors, however, significantly inhibits the color change process. This provides a particularly useful assay for identifying enzyme inhibitors. Using a similar strategy, we developed Pb2+ biosensor where DNA on AuNPs are cleaved by an “8-17” DNA enzyme using Pb2+ as a cofactor. A red-to-blue color change, associated with AuNP aggregation triggered by this cleavage event, therefore indicates the presence of Pb2+. The detection scope can be further expanded by incorporating DNA aptamers in this assay. For instance, in our adenosine-sensing assay, an adenosine aptamer is first hybridized with a complement DNA attached on AuNPs. These aptamer-modified AuNPs are highly stabilized at a relatively high salt concentration and appear red color in solution. The binding of adenosine causes the dissociation of aptamer from AuNP, leading to a red-to-blue color change. The marriage of DNA aptamers allows this approach to be able to detect almost any targets including proteins, small molecules and metal ions, given that DNA aptamer for a specific target can be obtained by in vitro selection. These assays are operated in a real-time fashion and they are highly sensitive and specific. Moreover, the color change is rapid in this surface charge-mediated AuNP aggregation process: a typical detection assay is accomplished in a few minutes. Furthermore, this method is cost-effective because an optical signal (color change) can be directly visualized by naked eye thus no complicated and expensive analytical instruments are required. We believe this novel strategy will find a large number of applications in diagnostics, drug discovery and nanobiotechnology.
10:45 AM - PP7.5
Surface Functionalization and Cellular Uptake of Gold Nanorods and Nanoprisms.
Alexei Leonov 1 , Yan Zhao 1 , Alexander Wei 1
1 Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
Show AbstractAnisotropic gold nanoparticles have attracted significant attention as tissue and cellular nanoprobes due to their inherent low toxicity and unique optical properties. Two practical challenges concerning the biomedical application of these nanomaterials are their dispersion stability in physiological fluids (in vivo) and cell culture media (in vitro), and effective mechanisms for their targeted delivery. Both of these challenges can be addressed by advances in nanoparticle surface chemistry. In this account, we disclose a two-stage protocol for the robust surface functionalization of gold nanorods and nanoprisms, to specifically address the challenges described above. In the first step, nanoparticles are coated with a polyelectrolyte which enhances their dispersion stability in high ionic strength solutions. In the second step, nanoparticles are functionalized with ligands conjugated to oligoethylene glycol spacers, anchored to the metal surface by dithiocarbamate units. The above strategy allows us to target gold nanoprisms with large scattering cross sections to high-affinity folate receptors on MCF-7 cancer cells. The accumulation of nanoprisms on the surface of MCF-7 cells can be monitored by epipolarization microscopy.
11:30 AM - **PP7.6
Nanodisk Codes.
Chad Mirkin 1
1 Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
Show AbstractA new encoding system will be discussed that is based upon dispersible arrays of nanodisks prepared by On-Wire Lithography and functionalized with Raman active chromophores. These nanodisk arrays are encoded both physically (in a ``barcode" pattern) and spectroscopically (Raman) along the array. These structures can be used in covert encoding strategies because of their small size or as biological labels with readout by scanning confocal Raman spectroscopy. As proof-of-concept we demonstrate their utility in DNA detection in a multiplexed format at target concentrations as low as 100 fM.
12:00 PM - PP7.7
Distance Dependent Fluorescence Enhancement of Indocyanine Green via Au Nanoshells.
Rizia Bardhan 1 3 , Nathaniel Grady 2 3 , Naomi Halas 1 2 3
1 Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States, 3 Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States, 2 Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
Show AbstractNoble metal nanoparticles and nanostructures exhibit unique and remarkably intense optical properties due to excitation of plasmons by incident light. This gives rise to fundamentally interesting and technologically important applications, which include the enhancement of molecular fluorescence of organic and inorganic species, by the modification of radiative emission rates by the adjacent metal nanostructure. Indocyanine green (ICG) is the only FDA-approved near-infrared-emitting dye and is used extensively in clinical settings for biomedical imaging. However, ICG is a relatively weak fluorophore with a quantum yield in aqueous media of only 1.5%. Recently it has been shown that the fluorescence of ICG can be enhanced by a factor of 50 when placed near a silica-Au nanoshell (Au-NS) surface, when the nanoshell plasmon is tuned to the ICG emission wavelength.[1] Here we examine the fluorescence enhancement of ICG dye molecules as a function of distance from the surface of Au-NS. We have also observed a decrease in metal enhanced fluorescence of ICG with increasing distance from the Au-NS surface by growing silica epilayers of varying thickness to control the distance between ICG molecules and Au-NS surface. This approach can provide a technique for the quantitative measurement of the spatial extent of the fluorophore – nanoparticle interaction responsible for fluorescence enhancement.[1] F. Tam, G. P. Goodrich, B. R. Johnson and N. J.Halas, “Plasmonic Enhancement of Molecular Fluorescence”, Nano Letters 7, 496-501 (2007).
12:15 PM - PP7.8
Investigation of RF Power Harvesting in Ultra-small, Bioconjugated Gold Nanoparticles.
Amit Gupta 1 , Diana-Andra Borca-Tasciuc 2
1 Chemical Engineering Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States, 2 Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States
Show AbstractBioconjugated nanoparticles harvesting energy from radiofrequency (RF) and microwave electromagnetic waves are emerging as a new technology to control individual biomolecules such as DNAs or proteins. When activated by the electromagnetic field, the nanoparticles were shown to produce DNA dehybridization or protein deposit dissolution. These processes are typically caused by a significant (>10 degrees) increase in temperature. It has been assumed that nanopaticles are producing locally the necessary heat to cause these effects. However macroscale heat generation and dissipation models predict a negligible local temperature rise. To clarify the effect of local heating, direct measurement of the temperature rise in the vicinity of energy harvesting nanoparticle is needed. This work presents a novel technique to measure the temperature in the vicinity (~10 to 30 nm) of a nanoparticle activated by RF electromagnetic field. Lock-in, fluorescence thermometry is employed for this purpose. Semiconductor CdSe quantum dots (QD) passivated with a layer of ZnS (to ensure stable luminescent properties) are used as fluorescent temperature sensors. They are attached to the 1.4 nm gold nanoparticle through a DNA molecule using well established bioconjugation techniques. Temperature calibration is first performed by heating the bulk solution on a hot plate and recording the fluorescence intensity of quantum dots. Following calibration, the quantum dot – DNA- nanoparticle complex is placed in an RF electromagnetic field and the corresponding fluorescence intensity is again recorded. The local temperature during RF heating is determined by comparing intensities measured in the two experiments. The temperature rise of the bulk solution is also recorded.
12:30 PM - **PP7.9
Functionalized Gold Nanorods for Two-photon Luminescent Imaging and Photothermal Therapy.
Ling Tong 1 , Yan Zhao 1 , Matthew Hansen 1 , Terry Huff 1 , Ji-Xin Cheng 1 2 , Alexander Wei 1
1 Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, 2 Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
Show AbstractGold nanorods (GNRs) with large absorption cross sections at near-infrared (NIR) frequencies produce two-photon luminescence (TPL) when excited by pulsed laser irradiation. The TPL signals can be detected with single-particle sensitivity, enabling nanorods to be imaged in vivo at subpicomolar concentrations. GNRs can be coated with oligoethyleneglycol (OEG) units by in situ dithiocarbamate formation, a novel and robust method for functionalizing metal surfaces. GNRs coated with long PEG chains are shielded from nonspecific cell uptake and rapid clearance, whereas GNRs functionalized with folate-terminated OEG chains can accumulate on the surface of tumor cells. The latter situation permits GNRs to inflict photothermal injury upon NIR irradiation, resulting in severe membrane damage and tumor cell death. Photothermolysis is most effective when GNRs are adsorbed to the cell surface prior to cell uptake, with a tenfold difference in damage threshold relative to cells with internalized GNRs. The dosimetry can be further reduced by using fs-pulsed excitation, due to the increased efficiency of NIR absorption and photothermal energy conversion. Our studies suggest that the photoinduced damage of the plasma membrane results in an increase in intracellular calcium, followed by disruption of the actin network and tumor cell necrosis.
PP8: Nanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Therapy, and Other Applications
Session Chairs
Taeghwan Hyeon
Stephen O'Brien
Wednesday PM, November 28, 2007
Room 203 (Hynes)
2:30 PM - **PP8.1
Synthesis, Assembly and Biomedical Applications of Uniform-sized Nanoparticles.
Taeghwan Hyeon 1 , Jaeyun Kim 1 , Hyon Bin Na 1 , Kwangjin An 1 , Ji Eun Lee 1 , Yong Il Park 1 , Nohyun Lee 1 , Jung Hee Lee 2 3
1 National Creative Research Initiative Center for Oxide Nanocrystalline Materials and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul Korea (the Republic of), 2 Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul Korea (the Republic of), 3 School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul Korea (the Republic of)
Show AbstractNanotechnology offers tremendous hopes for future bio-medical technology. Clever combination of different nanoscale materials will lead to the development of multifunctional nano-biomedical platforms for simultaneous targeted delivery, fast diagnosis, and efficient therapy. In this presentation, I would like to present some of our group’s recent results on the designed fabrication of multifunctional nanostructured materials based on nanoparticles and nanoporous materials and their bio-medical applications. We developed a new T1 MRI contrast agent using biocompatible manganese oxide (MnO) nanoparticles (Angew. Chem. 2007, Early view). When the MnO nanoparticles were injected bolus to a mouse through a tail vein line, the detailed brain anatomic structures were depicted in contrast enhanced T1-weighted MRI. Furthermore, functionalized MnO nanoparticles prepared by conjugation with a tumor specific antibody were used for imaging selectively the breast cancer cells in the metastatic brain tumor model. We reported on the fabrication of monodisperse nanoparticles embedded in uniform pore-sized mesoporous silica spheres (J. Am. Chem. Soc 2006, 128, 688). The magnetic separation (guiding) was demonstrated, and they were also investigated as drug delivery carriers. We developed a simple, reproducible, and general method of preparing multifunctional nanoparticle assembled silica spheres. Magnetite nanoparticles along with other kinds of nanoparticles such as Au, CdSe/ZnS, and Pd were simultaneously assembled on 150 nm sized uniform silica spheres (Angew. Chem. 2006, 45, 4789). We fabricated magnetic gold nanoshells consisting of gold nanoshells (for NIR photothermal therapy) that are embedded with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (for MRI contrasting agent), and conjugated them with cancer targeting agent (for targeting) (Angew. Chem. 2006, 45, 7754). Cancer cells targeted with magnetic gold nanoshells were detectable by a clinical MRI system and rapidly destroyed by exposing them to femtosecond laser pulses of NIR wavelength at a low power. We synthesized Ni/NiO core/shell nanoparticles and applied them to the selective binding and subsequent magnetic separation of histidine-tagged proteins (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 10658). Multifunctional polymer nanoparticles for the cancer-targeted MRI and drug delivery were synthesized. The magnetite nanoparticles and the doxorubicin were encapsulated in biodegradable PLGA polymer nanoparticles and the surface was functionalized with folic acid. Simultaneous targeted MRI detection and therapy of cancers was demonstrated using the PEG nanocomposite particles. We developed new procedures for the fabrication of hollow magnetic nanostructured materials for simultaneous drug delivery and diagnosis.
3:00 PM - PP8.2
Nano-Scale Size and Dopant Effects of Magnetism-Engineered Iron Oxide (MEIO) Nanoparticle Probes for Their Utilizations in Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
Young-wook Jun 1 , Jae-Hyun Lee 1 , Jung-tak Jang 1 , Jinwoo Cheon 1
1 , Yonsei University , Seoul Korea (the Republic of)
Show AbstractMagnetic nanoparticles are emerging as key probes in biomedical applications, especially in the area of ultra-sensitive molecular and cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For the development of high performance MRI probes, development of a good model system is necessary to fully understand the nano-scaling laws related to many materials properties such as size, shape, composition, and magnetism. In this presentation, we describe nanoscale effects of various transition metal-doped magnetism-engineered iron oxide (M-MEIO, MFe2O4) nanoparticles on their magnetism and MRI signal enhancement. Specifically, size and dopant effects of M-MEIO are fully elucidated by varying the dopant from Mn, to Fe, Co, and to Ni within the size range of ~5 to ~15 nm. We further demonstrate their versatility and high performance capabilities in cancer marker detection where remarkably improved detection sensitivity is observed compared to those currently available.
3:15 PM - PP8.3
Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cellular Targeting and Therapy.
Carl Batt 1 2 , Dickson Kirui 2 , Marisa Duncan 1 , Juana Mendenhall 1 , Stephanie Lee 3 , Chekesha Liddel 3 2
1 Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States, 2 Field of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States, 3 Department of Material Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States
Show AbstractMagnetic nanoparticles are being developed as cellular probes with the aim of being able to direct them within the cells and using them for therapeutic purposes. A controlled thermal decomposition of a ferrous precursor has been used to generate particles. The magnetic particles were characterized by TEM, SEM, ATR-IR, and Zeta sizer to determine particle morphology and size. Particles in the range of 3 to 10 nm have been synthesized using this method. By controlling reaction temperature, we are able to limit the size of the magnetic particles to σ = 0.5. To develop a more useful particle we have begun to functional these particles using molecules that target specific markers on and inside of cells. One of these markers is A33 a colon cancer marker for which single chain antibodies have been developed. These ScFv has been ‘humanized’ making them ore suitable for clinical applications. Amine terminated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are conjugated to fluorescent labeled proteins such as tat(FITC) using N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP) and tracked through SW1222 colon cancer cells in the presence of a magnetic field. To achieve cell specific targeting of these magnetic nanoparticles the ScFv against A33 is being coupled to the nanoparticles which should specifically direct them to the tumor cells. Systems for characterization of the reactivity and fate of the particles are available as cells lines that express (SW1222) and do not express (HT29) the A33 antigen.
3:30 PM - PP8.4
Immunotargeted Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles.
Kristi Hultman 1 , Anthony Raffo 2 , Adrienne Grzenda 3 , Paul Harris 2 , Truman Brown 4 , Stephen O'Brien 1
1 Applied Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States, 2 Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States, 3 Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States, 4 Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
Show AbstractNon-invasive imaging of specific proteins or cells in the body has the potential to improve the diagnosis and treatment of numerous diseases. We report here the development of a long-lived immunotargeted iron oxide nanoparticle contrast agent composed of monodispersed, monocrystalline γ-Fe2O3 iron oxide nanoparticles coated with a monolayer of phospholipids and conjugated to modified IgG antibodies. Monodisperse γ-Fe2O3 iron oxide nanoparticles approximately 5nm in diameter (SD < 5%) are coated with a mixture of mPEG 2000, maleimide functionalized mPEG 2000, and lissamine rhodamine tagged phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipids in chloroform. Virtually any protein or antibody may used as the conjugation method involves modification of functional groups common to both. Proof of specificity is demonstrated using MHC Class II antibodies. Preliminary MR images were taken of Lewis rats injected with 4 mg/kg unconjugated iron oxide nanoparticles using T1 weighted, T2 weighted Fast Spin Echo and T2* weighted scan sequences. There is a distinct decrease in the intensity of the kidney following injection of the nanoparticles and then a gradual return to the original intensity after approximately 3.5 hours, agreeing with FACS analysis. From phantom studies, we have also determined that we can detect the presence of the γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with concentrations as low as 10 nanoparticles/µm3. Preliminary in vivo experiments indicate that the nanoparticles persist in the blood for approximately 3.5 hours before being cleared.
3:45 PM - PP8.5
Fluorescence and Magnetic Detection of Hybridized DNA Assemblies Immobilized on a Au Patterned SiO2 Device.
Steven Hira 1 2 , Peng Xiong 2 , Stephan vonMolnar 2 , P. Chase 2 , Geoffrey Strouse 1 2
1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States, 2 Center for Materials Research and Technology (MARTECH), Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
Show AbstractThe dual detection of nucleic acid base-pairing utilizing a single fluorescence and magnetic platform has the potential to significantly impact the growing field of bio-medical sensing. Investigations on the selective and controlled assembly of DNA onto Au patterned SiO2 devices for the detection of DNA base-pairing events will be addressed. The biological assemblies are comprised of two components: a streptavidin coated and fluorescently labeled magnetic nanobead, passivated with biotinylated DNA reporter strands, and complimentary thiolated DNA target strands for subsequent duplex formation. These two DNA strands are hybridized to form a double stranded DNA assembly and immobilized onto a Au photolithography patterned SiO2 substrate surface. The biological detection and device readout has been designed to measure a redundant hybridization response from the fluorescent signature of a nanobead using fluorescence microscopy, as well as utilization of the Hall effect to detect a change in the Hall response upon DNA duplex formation on a biologically patterned micro-Hall device.
4:30 PM - **PP8.6
Synthesis of Nanocrystals for Biological Applications.
Jackie Ying 1 , S. Selvan 1 , Yuangang Zheng 1 , Nikhil Jana 1 , Jiang Jiang 1 , Hongwei Gu 1
1 , Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The Nanos Singapore
Show AbstractNanocrystalline materials are of interest for a variety of applications. This talk describes the synthesis and properties of nanocrystalline materials for biological applications. Specifically, we have generated metallic, metal oxide, and semiconducting nanocrystals for bioimaging, biolabeling, bioseparation and biosensing applications. These nanocrystals are ≤ 10 nm in size, and are surface modified to provide for high biocompatibility, colloidal stability, water solubility and buffer stability. We have also prepared bifunctional nanocomposite particles in the form of magnetic quantum dots. These materials can be tailored in both fluorescence and magnetic properties by manipulating their composition and particle size.
5:00 PM - PP8.7
Carbon Nanospheres for Biomedical Applications.
Courtney Styres 1 , Inessa Stanishevskaya 1 , Nabiha Yusuf 1 , Maaike Everts 1 , Helene Yockell-Lelievre 2 , Andrei Stanishevsky 1
1 , University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States, 2 , University Laval, Quebac, Quebec, Canada
Show Abstract5:15 PM - PP8.8
Engineering Gold Nanocages for the Photothermal Therapy of Cancer.
Leslie Au 1 , Jingyi Chen 2 , Sara Skrabalak 1 , Xingde Li 3 , Younan Xia 1
1 Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle , Washington, United States, 2 , Brookhaven National Laboratory, Long Island, New York, United States, 3 Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
Show AbstractGold nanostructures have been explored for drug delivery, tumor imaging, and photothermal therapy due to their biocompatibility, well-defined surface chemistry, and tunable optical properties. In particular, gold nanostructures that strongly absorb light in the near-infrared region, the transparent window of biological tissue, are ideal therapeutic agents for photothermal destruction of cancer cells. Recently in the Xia group, we developed a facile sulfide-mediated polyol method to synthesize silver nanocubes which are used as sacrificial templates for their subsequent conversion to gold nanocages. These gold nanocages with edge lengths of 45 nm have been tuned to achieve strong absorption in the near infrared (NIR) region for photothermal cancer treatment. The gold nanocages were conjugated with monoclonal antibodies (anti-HER2) to target epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) that are over-expressed on the surface of breast cancer cells (SK-BR-3). SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells treated with bioconjugated nanocages were then irradiated with the laser at various power densities. Our preliminary photothermal results indicated an irradiation threshold around 1.5 W/cm2 was necessary for inducing thermal destruction to the cancer cells. In the intensity range of 1.5-4.7 W/cm2, the circular area of damaged cells increased linearly with the irradiation power density. Without the addition of nanocages, cells irradiated with the same laser maintained cell viability. These results suggest that this new class of bioconjugated gold nanostructures can potentially serve as an effective photothermal therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer.
5:30 PM - PP8.9
Biomedical Nanodevices Based on Simultaneous Attachment of Several Functional Proteins to the Same Nanoparticle.
Alexey Vertegel 1 , Vladimir Reukov 1 , Gary Thompson 1 , Rohan Satishkumar 1 , Yuliya Yurko 1
1 Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States
Show Abstract5:45 PM - PP8.10
Mechanical Manipulation of Specific Intracellular Structures Rendered by Targeted Nanoprobes.
Gang Ruan 1 2 , Shuang Deng 1 2 , Jessica Winter 1 2
1 Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States, 2 Biomedical Engineering, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
Show AbstractThe critical roles of mechanical force in cell shape, function, migration, and viability have been well established. However, it is not yet well understood how exactly mechanical force is transduced to generate cellular signals, although it is clear that cells respond to external force by remodeling the cytoskeleton structures. We believe that one reason for this lack of understanding is an inherent problem of the current investigational tools (e.g. AFM, magnetic bead manipulation), i.e. they either manipulate the whole cell body or extracellular structures. We aim to assemble nanoprobes that can be targeted to specific intracellular structures (particularly cytoskeletal proteins), and manipulate these structures in a controlled manner. These nanoprobes involve different constructs but all have the following functionalities: magnetism, fluorescence, membrane translocation, and targeting. In particular, we describe such a construct that is made of Tat peptide-conjugated polymeric nanospheres with iron oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots encapsulated. In this construct, the iron oxide nanoparticles provide the magnetic properties; the quantum dots provide the optical properties; and the Tat peptide not only facilitates cellular uptake but mediates targeted delivery of the nanoprobes to the microtuble organization center (MTOC) of the cells. We expect that the capability of specific manipulation from the cell interior provided by our multifunctional nanoprobes will significantly facilitate the understanding of the signaling network in cells, and eventually lead to new approaches of therapeutic intervention.